电镜超薄切片批量染色的新方法

超薄切片染色是透射电镜生物样本制备中的关键环节。本文介绍了一种透射电镜超薄切片染色的新方法,利用简单自制的染色液防污存储与批量染色装置,可对超薄切片载网进行批量化染色,不但极大提高染色效率,而且减少了染色过程中染色液、样品的污染,达到染色液的重复利用,同时减少重金属对操作者的伤害和对环境的污染。     

浅析CSTR水质模型在赣江流域的应用

利用CSTR模型的方法建立了适应于赣江流域复杂河流系统的水质模型，对可以获得的赣江流域水质模型数据进行了分析，同时还对模型进行了验证．结果表明：所建立的水质数学模型能够达到赣江流域预定的规划目标的要求，模似的结果是比较可靠．只是水文数据在空间上比较稀疏，污染源统计数据可信度比较低，但单个水文站点能够比较好地反映流量和其它水文参数的时间变化过程．     

带并联电抗器的超高压输电线路自适应重合闸新判据

对带并联电抗器线路发生瞬时性单相接地故障时跳开相的恢复电压特征进行了分析,应用拉普拉斯变换对恢复电压中的各种暂态分量进行了定量求解,从原理上揭示了恢复电压中衰减周期分量的产生原因。通过瞬时性故障与永久性故障时故障相端电压波形的对比,提出了识别永久性单相接地故障的跳开相端电压衰减周期分量幅值判据,并给出一种从跳开相端电压中提取低频衰减周期分量幅值的实用方法,该方法计算简单,判定迅速准确,且不受过渡电阻影响,可有效应用于带并联电抗器的超高压输电线路单相自适应重合闸故障性质的识别及重合时刻的选择。     

Study on Modeling for a New FCC Technique——MIP Riser Reactor

This research work developed a model for the MIP riser reactor using the data collected from an industrial MIP unit.Based on analysis of flow patterns in the reactor,three models were established and a comparison was made on each other.The results indicated that Model Ⅲ,which was assumed a plug flow in the first reaction zone and a gas plug flow and a continuously stirred catalyst flow in the second reaction zone,was the best.The results of this research could offer an information and guidance for optimization and development of MIP unit.     

国外电缆材料的研究及发展的趋势

介绍国外电线电缆材料应用中 ,开发研究新型的稳定剂、阻燃剂、交联剂和基体材料等四个方面的发展和应用趋势 ,指出我国应及早研究和对策 ,以适应于国内外市场的发展。     

Comparative evaluation of full‐scale UASB reactors treating alcohol distillery wastewaters in terms of performance and methanogenic activity

In this study, two full‐scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, namely TUASB and CUASB, at the wastewater treatment plants of the Tekirdaǧ Alcohol (Raki) and Canakkale Alcohol (Cognac) distilleries were investigated in terms of performance, acetoclastic methanogenic capacity and microbial composition. The results were compared with a previously studied other UASB reactor (IUASB) at the wastewater treatment plant of the Istanbul Alcohol (Raki) Distillery from which the two reactors (TUASB and CUASB) were seeded. The IUASB reactor performed well achieving COD removal efficiencies of no lower than 85% at organic logding rates (OLRs) in the range of 6–11 kg COD m⁻³ day⁻¹ between 1996 and 2001. During the last one year of operation, between 2000 and 2001, performance of the CUASB reactor in terms of COD removal efficiency was 70–80% at OLRs in a range of 1–4.5 kg COD m⁻³ day⁻¹ whereas it was 60–80% at OLRs in a range of 2.5–8.5 kg COD m⁻³ day⁻¹ in the TUASB reactor. At the end of year 2000, specific methanogenic activity (SMA) tests were carried out to determine potential loading capacity and optimum operating conditions of the IUASB, CUASB and TUASB reactors. The potential methane production (PMP) rates of the CUASB, IUASB and TUASB reactors were measured as 230 cm³ CH₄ gVSS⁻¹ day⁻¹, 350 cm³ CH₄ gVSS⁻¹ day⁻¹ and 376 cm³ CH₄ gVSS⁻¹ day⁻¹ respectively. When the PMP rates were compared with actual methane production (AMP) rates obtained from the three UASB reactors, AMP/PMP ratios were evaluated to be 0.18, 0.12 and 0.13 for CUASB, TUASB and IUASB reactors respectively. This showed that the CUASB, TUASB and IUASB reactors were using only 18%, 12% and 13% of their potential acetoclastic methanogenic capacity respectively. These results can be interpreted that the three UASB reactors were underloaded compared with their potential acetoclastic methanogenic capacities. It was, therefore, recommended that the three UASB reactors should be loaded at higher organic loading rates or sludge withdrawn in order to maintain an AMP/PMP ratio of 0.6–0.7, which can ensure desired reactor performance with safer operation. Results of epifluoresence microscopic examinations showed that the percentage of total autofluorescent methanogens was approximately 30% of the total population in sludges from the TUASB and IUASB reactors whereas it was 20% in sludge from the CUASB reactor. The two UASB reactors treating raki distillery wastewaters contained sludges having a higher percentage of autofluorescent methanogenic population and higher acetoclastic methanogenic activity. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Transformation and performance of granular sequence batch reactor under conventional organic loading rate condition

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the transformation and performance of a granular sequence batch reactor（SBR） under the conventional organic loading rate（OLR） condition.Aerobic granules were successfully cultivated in a SBR by means of alternative feeding load combined with reducing settling time after 60 d operational period.Subsequently,the black fungal granules were presented in reactor because of the filamentous overgrowth on the surface of aerobic granules.A small amount of fungal granules had no effect on the performance of granular SBR.Aerobic granules completely vanished and fungal granules eventually became the dominant species in subsequent 90 d operation after granulation.The three-dimensional excitation emission matrix（EEM） spectra result shows that the extracellular polymeric substances（EPS） component in both granules has no much difference,whereas the content of EPS in fungal granules is higher than that in bacterial granules.Due to their low bioactivity,the chemical oxidation demand（COD） and NH4-N removal efficiencies gradually decrease from 90.4%–96.5% and 99.5% to 71.8% and 32.9% respectively while the fungal granules become dominant in the SBR.     

熔盐堆中气泡分离器内部流场的数值模拟

气泡分离器是熔盐堆脱气系统中不可或缺的关键设备之一，通过离心分离的方式去除反应堆中氙等裂变气体及其载气。本文利用CFD软件Fluent，采用瞬态的二次压应力雷诺应力模型，对气泡分离器内部液相流场进行了数值模拟。分析了边界条件变化对分离器分离特性的影响。结果表明：系统压力对切向速度分布、压力分布及轴向零速包络面的结构均有较大影响，进而影响设备的分离特性。另外，对比计算结果与实验现象，也可看出，增加出口压力有利于气液分离。     

Laboratory silo type and inoculation effects on nutritional composition,fermentation, and bacterial and fungal communities of oat silage

The objectives were to evaluate (1) the use of 2 types of experimental silos (S) to characterize whole-crop oat (Avena sativa L.) silage with or without addition of an inoculant (I), and (2) the effect of inoculation on the microbial community structure of oats ensiled using only plastic bucket silos (BKT). From each of 6 sections in a field, oats were harvested, treated (INO) or not (CON) with inoculant, packed into 19-L BKT or vacuum bags (BG), and ensiled for 217 d. The inoculant added contained Lactobacillus buchneri and Pediococcus pentosaceus (4 × 10⁵ and 1 × 10⁵ cfu/g of fresh oats, respectively). The experimental design was a complete randomized design replicated 6 times. Treatment design was the factorial combination of 2 S × 2 I. Some differences existed between BG versus BKT at silo opening (217 d), including a decreased CP (7.73 vs. 7.04 ± 0.247% of DM) and ethanol (1.93 vs. 1.55 ± 0.155) and increased lactic acid (4.28 vs. 3.65 ± 0.241), respectively. Also, WSC and mold counts were reduced in BG versus BKT for CON (1.78 vs. 2.70 ± 0.162% of DM and 0.8 vs. 2.82 ± 0.409 log cfu/fresh g) but not for INO (～1.53 and 1.55), respectively. Application of INO increased DM recovery (96.1 vs. 92.9 ± 0.63%), aerobic stability (565 vs. 133 ± 29.2 h), acetic acid (2.38 vs. 1.22 ± 0.116% of DM), and reduced NDF (65.0 vs. 67.0 ± 0.57), ADF (36.7 vs. 38.1 ± 0.60), ethanol (0.63 vs. 2.85 ± 0.155), and yeast counts (1.10 vs. 4.13 ± 0.484 log cfu/fresh g) in INO versus CON, respectively. At d 0, no differences were found for S and I on the nutritional composition and background microbial counts. Leuconostocaceae (82.9 ± 4.27%) and Enterobacteriaceae (15.2 ± 3.52) were the predominant bacterial families and unidentified sequences were predominant for fungi. A higher relative abundance of the Davidiellaceae fungal family (34.3 vs. 19.6 ± 4.47) was observed in INO versus CON. At opening (217 d), INO had a lower relative abundance of Leuconostocaceae (42.3 vs. 95.8 ± 4.64) and higher Lactobacillaceae (57.4 vs. 3.9 ± 4.65) versus CON. Despite several differences were found between BKT and BG, both techniques can be comparable for characterizing effects of INO on the most basic measures used in silage evaluation. The use of inoculant improved oat silage quality partially by a shift in the bacterial community composition during ensiling, which mainly consisted of an increased relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae and reduction of Leuconostocaceae relative to CON.