Eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5n-3) from the marine microalgaPhaeodactylum tricornutum

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20∶5n-3) was obtained from the marine microalgaePhaeodactylum tricornutum by a three-step process: fatty acid extraction by direct saponification of biomass, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration by formation of urea inclusion compounds, and EPA isolation by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Alternatively, EPA was obtained by a similar two-step process without the PUFA concentration step by the urea method. Direct saponification of biomass was carried out with two solvents that contained KOH for lipid saponification. An increase in yield was obtained because the problems associated with emulsion formation were avoided by separating the biomass from the soap solution before adding hexane for extraction of insaponifiables. The most efficient solvent, ethanol (96%) at 60°C for 1 h, extracted 98.3% of EPA. PUFA were concentrated by the urea method with a urea/fatty acid ratio of 4∶1 at a crystallization temperature of 28°C and by using methanol and ethanol as urea solvents. An EPA concentration ratio of 1.73 (55.2∶31.9) and a recover yield of 78.6% were obtained with methanol as the urea solvent. This PUFA concentrate was used to obtain 93.4% pure EPA by semipreparative HPLC with a reverse-phase, C₁₈, 10 mm i.d.×25-cm column and methanol/water (1% acetic acid), 80∶20 w/w, as the mobile phase. Eighty-five percent of EPA loaded was recovered, and 65.7% of EPA present inP. tricornutum biomass was recovered in highly pure form by this three-step downstream process. Alternatively, 93.6% pure EPA was isolated from the fatty acid extract (without the PUFA concentration step) with 100% EPA recovery yield. This two-step process increases the overall EPA yield to 98.3%, but it is only possible to obtain 20% as much EPA as that obtained by three-step downstream processing.     

2-氯-5-氯甲基-1,3-噻唑提纯新方法

2-氯-5-氯甲基-1,3-噻唑(CCMT)是一种重要的农药中间体。介绍了以1-异硫氰酸基-2-氯-2-丙烯和氯气反应制备2-氯-5-氯甲基-1,3-噻唑的方法,并重点介绍了通过合成2-氯-5-氯甲基噻唑盐酸盐的方法进行产品提纯的新方法,产品含量大于99%,提纯收率95%。     

火电厂节水技术探讨

火力发电厂是耗水大户，随着水资源的日渐匮乏及环保法律的日趋严格，合理利用水资源，提高水的重复利用率，已成为火电厂面临的紧迫任务。在对厦门嵩屿电厂节水工作进行介绍的基础上，提出火电厂可采用的节水管理措施与技术改进措施，可为其他电厂的节水工作及水务管理工作提供借鉴。     

Phosphorus availability from phosphate rock and sewage sludge as influenced by the addition of water soluble phosphate fertilizer

Phosphorus (P) inputs are required for sustainable agricultural production in most acid soils of the tropics and subtropics. Phosphate rocks (PR) and organic materials have been suggested as alternative P sources in these soils. Quantitative information on the P availability from sewage sludge (SL) is scanty. Methods to improve the effectiveness of PR such as partial acidulation and compaction with water-soluble P sources have been recommended. The objective of this greenhouse study was to evaluate the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of Florida PR and sewage sludges (irradiated and non-irradiated) applied alone and in mixture with a water-soluble source (triple superphosphate, TSP) at two rates (50 and 150 mg P kg^–1 soil). The ³²P isotope dilution technique was utilised to determine the proportion of P in the plant taken up from the P fertilizer treatments. Wheat was grown on an acid loamy sand Dystric Eutrocrepts and harvested 6 weeks after planting. Results on total P uptake and the RAE of the P fertilizer sources tested indicated that the addition of 50 mg P kg^–1 soil as TSP was adequate in supplying P to the 6-week-old wheat plants as compared to PR and sewage sludge. Intermediate values were obtained for the mixtures. Similar responses were observed for the high P rate. For a given P rate, phosphorus uptake from PR and SL in presence of TSP was higher than P uptake from these sources alone, indicating an enhancement effect of TSP on the effectiveness of these non-readily available sources. With respect to P uptake from PR applied alone, the relative increases in P uptake from PR due to TSP influence were 52 and 67% for the low and high P rates, respectively. The relative increases in P uptake from SL due to TSP when compared to P uptake from SL alone were 102 and 59% for the low and high P rates of application. Application of a water-soluble P fertilizer together with a non-readily available P source shows an enhancement on the P uptake from the non-readily available P source by the wheat plants. In this experiment the estimated enhancement effects are very likely underestimated.     

高浊度原水磁絮凝的分离实验

本文选择高浊度原水（浊工＝2000－2500，pH＝5－6）为对象在自制的磁分离装置上进行磁絮凝实验研究，结果表明原水经磁絮凝以后，其出水浊度均有不同程度的降低，原水流量、外加电流的不同能引起出水浊度较大的变化。     

油田废水电解杀菌研究

采用电解杀菌技术处理油田废水，研究了电解时间、电流强度、极板间距以及电极联结方式等因素对废水中硫酸盐还原菌杀灭效果的影响。结果表明，油田废水经3min电解杀菌，硫酸盐还原菌杀灭率高达99．90％。随着电解时间的增加，硫酸盐还原菌的杀菌率进一步提高；电流强度增加，硫酸盐还原菌的杀灭率升高。在电流强度保持不变的情况下，随着极板间距增加，极板之间电压升高，更有利于杀灭硫酸盐还原菌。在极板间电流强度相同的条件下，两种电极联结方式的杀菌率差别不大，杀菌率均在99．9％以上。     

Preparation of superparamagnetic immunomicrospheres and application for antibody purification

A novel and effective protocol for the preparation of superparamagnetic immunomicrospheres has been developed. First, micro‐size magnetic poly (methacrylate‐divinylbenzene) (PMA‐DVB) spheres were prepared by a modified suspension polymerization method. The oleic acid coated magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles made by coprecipitation were mixed with monomers of MA, DVB, and initiator benzoyl peroxide (BPO) to form oil in water emulsion droplets with the presence of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA‐1788) as a stabilizer. The polymerization reaction was carried out in a 2‐L beaker equipped with four vertical stainless steel baffleplates by increasing the temperature of the mixture at a controlled rate. The resulting magnetic microspheres are micro‐sized (less than 8μm in diameter) and 80 percent of them are in the size ranging from 1 to 5 μm. Then, they were highly functionalized via ammonolysis reaction with ethylenediamine, and the surface amino‐modified magnetic microspheres were obtained. The morphology and properties of these magnetic microspheres were examined by SEM, TEM, VSM, and FT‐IR. Affinity ligand protein A (ProtA) was covalently immobilized to the amino‐modified magnetic microspheres by the glutaraldehyde method. These ProtA‐immobilized magnetic immunomicrospheres were effective for affinity bioseparation processes, as was demonstrated by the efficient immunoaffinity purification of antibodies IgG2a (22mg per gram of microspheres) from mouse ascites. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2205–2211, 2004     

聚多巴胺-聚乙烯亚胺改性反渗透膜制备与表征

饮用水短缺和水污染问题严重影响着人类和社会的发展。反渗透技术提供了一种高效经济的方法来生产纯水和处理废水,以缓解这个问题。但是,反渗透膜的污染尤其是生物污染严重制约着其高效应用。膜表面改性技术是提升膜抗污染性能的最常用手段,通过多巴胺盐酸盐(DA)在聚酰胺反渗透膜表面自聚,生成超薄聚多巴胺涂层(PDA),进一步利用PDA涂层上的活性基团将聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)接枝到反渗透膜表面,得到稳定持久的PDA-PEI改性反渗透膜。通过对改性膜的XPS测试,亲水性和抗菌性试验,得到以下结论:PDA成功涂层于反渗透膜表面,且PEI成功接枝于PDA涂层表面;PDA-PEI改性增大了膜表面的亲水性,提升了反渗透膜抗污染的能力,使其具有了一定的抗菌能力。     

新形势下做好长江入河排污口管理的思考

从长江流域水质现状、入河污染物排放基本情况及国家关于长江经济带绿色发展的总体要求出发,分析了长江水资源保护面临的形势;从长江入河排污口区划、审批、监管及基础工作方面,对入河排污口管理现状进行了简要总结,并对存在的问题进行了梳理。基于长江入河排污口管理面临的形势,提出了长江委强化长江入河排污口管理的总体思路和重点工作,可以为新形势下做好长江入河排污口管理提供参考。     

汽车尾气污染治理技术新进展

综述了国内外在汽车尾气污染治理方面四种技术手段的进展情况,针对目前我国汽车尾气污染的现状与发展趋势,进行了分析和展望。