用于预防控制的电力系统连锁故障事故链在线生成方法

为了预防大停电事故的发生,必须在事故前建立可用于大停电预防控制的连锁故障分析模型。因此基于安全科学的事故链分析模型,提出基于网络潮流的事故链中间环节预测指标,用以在线构建电力系统事故链,从而形成网络事故链表,在此基础上可以定量分析电网连锁故障。该事故链生成方法以系统失稳为目标,指标的计算简单方便,可用于连锁故障的在线分析,可以为电网连锁故障的风险评估和预防控制提供有力支持,IEEE39节点系统的仿真验证了该指标的有效性。     

应用雷电参数统计分析220 kV同塔双回输电线路绕击性能

为全面反映城市主干电网220kV同塔双回输电线路防雷性能差异性,研究多雷地区输电线路的防雷特征,提出了应用雷电定位系统(LLS)长期监测数据统计的雷电参数,对输电线路进行雷电性能分析和研究的方法。以雷电活动强烈的珠海市220kV同塔双回输电线路为例,统计分析1999～2008年共10a的LLS监测数据,利用改进电气几何模型(EGM),结合风险等级评估的方法研究了输电线路绕击雷电性能,并与运行经验进行了对比。分析计算结果表明:高雷暴区线路的地闪密度远大于规程推荐值,所计算得到的绕击跳闸率比采用规程推荐参数计算的要高,与运行经验能很好地符合,采用的计算方法适合雷电活动强烈地区输电线路绕击防雷性能评估。     

移动实时数据库系统综述

移动实时数据库系统涉及到信息处理技术、分布式计算技术、移动通讯技术、实时处理技术等多个学科领域,是当前信息领域中前沿、开创性的课题。论文对移动实时数据库系统的体系结构、系统需求及移动实时环境下事务模型、数据复制和缓存、位置相关查询、数据广播、故障恢复等相关研究做了一个综述。     

Association between erythrocyte dynamics and vessel remodelling in developmental vascular networks

Sprouting angiogenesis is an essential vascularization mechanism consisting of sprouting and remodelling. The remodelling phase is driven by rearrangements of endothelial cells (ECs) within the post-sprouting vascular plexus. Prior work has uncovered how ECs polarize and migrate in response to flow-induced wall shear stress (WSS). However, the question of how the presence of erythrocytes (widely known as red blood cells (RBCs)) and their impact on haemodynamics affect vascular remodelling remains unanswered. Here, we devise a computational framework to model cellular blood flow in developmental mouse retina. We demonstrate a previously unreported highly heterogeneous distribution of RBCs in primitive vasculature. Furthermore, we report a strong association between vessel regression and RBC hypoperfusion, and identify plasma skimming as the driving mechanism. Live imaging in a developmental zebrafish model confirms this association. Taken together, our results indicate that RBC dynamics are fundamental to establishing the regional WSS differences driving vascular remodelling via their ability to modulate effective viscosity.     

Quantifying the limits of CAR T-cell delivery in mice and men

CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T cells have demonstrated clinical success for the treatment of multiple lymphomas and leukaemias, but not for various solid tumours, despite promising data from murine models. Lower effective CAR T-cell delivery rates to human solid tumours compared to haematological malignancies in humans and solid tumours in mice might partially explain these divergent outcomes. We used anatomical and physiological data for human and rodent circulatory systems to calculate the typical perfusion of healthy and tumour tissues, and estimated the upper limits of immune cell delivery rates across different organs, tumour types and species. Estimated maximum delivery rates were up to 10 000-fold greater in mice than humans yet reported CAR T-cell doses are typically only 10–100-fold lower in mice, suggesting that the effective delivery rates of CAR T cells into tumours in clinical trials are far lower than in corresponding mouse models. Estimated delivery rates were found to be consistent with published positron emission tomography data. Results suggest that higher effective human doses may be needed to drive efficacy comparable to mouse solid tumour models, and that lower doses should be tested in mice. We posit that quantitation of species and organ-specific delivery and homing of engineered T cells will be key to unlocking their potential for solid tumours.     

Probabilistic characterization of the effect of transient stochastic loads on the fatigue-crack nucleation time

The rainflow counting algorithm for material fatigue is both simple to implement and extraordinarily successful for predicting material failure times. However, it neglects memory effects and time-ordering dependence, and therefore runs into difficulties dealing with highly intermittent or transient stochastic loads with heavy tailed distributions. Such loads appear frequently in a wide range of applications in ocean and mechanical engineering, such as wind turbines and offshore structures. In this work we employ the Serebrinsky–Ortiz cohesive envelope model for material fatigue to characterize the effects of load intermittency on the fatigue-crack nucleation time. We first formulate efficient numerical integration schemes, which allow for the direct characterization of the fatigue life in terms of any given load time-series. Subsequently, we consider the case of stochastic intermittent loads with given statistical characteristics. To overcome the need for expensive Monte-Carlo simulations, we formulate the fatigue life as an up-crossing problem of the coherent envelope. Assuming statistical independence for the large intermittent spikes and using probabilistic arguments we derive closed expressions for the up-crossing properties of the coherent envelope and obtain analytical approximations for the probability mass function of the failure time. The analytical expressions are derived directly in terms of the probability density function of the load, as well as the coherent envelope. We examine the accuracy of the analytical approximations and compare the predicted failure time with the standard rainflow algorithm for various loads. Finally, we use the analytical expressions to examine the robustness of the derived probability distribution for the failure time with respect to the coherent envelope geometrical properties.     

Experimental investigation and numerical modelling of density-driven segregation in an annular shear cell

Granular materials segregate spontaneously due to differences in particle size, shape, density and flow behaviour. In this paper we experimentally investigate density-difference-driven segregation for a range of density ratios and a range of heavy particle concentrations. The experiments are conducted in an annular shear cell with rotating bumpy bottom that yields an exponential shear profile. The cell is initially filled with a layer of light particles and an upper layer of heavier grains and, on top, a load provides confinement. The segregation process is filmed through the transparent side-wall with a camera, and the evolution of particle concentration in space and time is evaluated by means of post-processing image analysis. We also propose a continuum-approach to model density-driven segregation. We use a segregation-diffusion transport equation, constitutive relations for effective viscosity and friction coefficient, and a segregation velocity analogous to the Stokes’ law. The model, which is validated by comparison with experimental findings, can successfully predict density-driven segregation at different density ratios and volumetric fraction.     

An unsupervised approach for fault diagnosis of power transformers

Electrical utilities apply condition monitoring on power transformers (PTs) to prevent unplanned outages and detect incipient faults. This monitoring is often done using dissolved gas analysis (DGA) coupled with engineering methods to interpret the data, however the obtained results lack accuracy and reproducibility. In order to improve accuracy, various advanced analytical methods have been proposed in the literature. Nonetheless, these methods are often hard to interpret by the decision-maker and require a substantial amount of failure records to be trained. In the context of the PTs, failure data quality is recurrently questionable, and failure records are scarce when compared to nonfailure records. This work tackles these challenges by proposing a novel unsupervised methodology for diagnosing PT condition. Differently from the supervised approaches in the literature, our method does not require the labeling of DGA records and incorporates a visual representation of the results in a 2D scatter plot to assist in interpretation. A modified clustering technique is used to classify the condition of different PTs using historical DGA data. Finally, well-known engineering methods are applied to interpret each of the obtained clusters. The approach was validated using data from two different real-world data sets provided by a generation company and a distribution system operator. The results highlight the advantages of the proposed approach and outperformed engineering methods (from IEC and IEEE standards) and companies legacy method. The approach was also validated on the public IEC TC10 database, showing the capability to achieve comparable accuracy with supervised learning methods from the literature. As a result of the methodology performance, both companies are currently using it in their daily DGA diagnosis.     

ASON组网中保护机制的有效性研究

随着网络用户对网络的有效性要求越来越高,如何评估和量化分析网络有效性已经成为一个重要的研究课题.文章分析了自动交换光网络(ASON)一般的保护机制,并为每种保护机制提供了有效性分析的代数公式.用数例验证了该模型的正确性,分析了保护机制的有效性与相关网络参数之间的关系,并对各种保护机制的有效性进行了比较.