Impacts of climate and land‐cover changes on water resources in a humid subtropical watershed: a case study from East Texas,USA

This study investigates the response of water resources regarding the climate and land‐cover changes in a humid subtropical watershed during the period 1970–2009. A 0.7°C increase in temperature and a 16.3% increase in precipitation were observed. Temperature had a lower increase trend, and precipitation showed definite increasing trend compared to previous studies. The main trend of land‐cover change was conversion of vegetation and barren lands to developed and crop lands affected by human intervention, and forest and grass to bush/shrub which considered to be caused by natural climate system. Hydrologic responses to climate and land‐cover changes resulted in increases of surface run‐off (15.0%), soil water content (2.7%), evapotranspiration (20.1%) and a decrease in groundwater discharge (9.2%). We found that surface run‐off is relatively stable with precipitation, whereas groundwater discharge and soil water content are sensitive to changes in land cover, especially land cover brought about by human intervention.     

Surface runoff estimation over heterogeneous foothills of Aravalli mountain using medium resolution remote sensing rainfall data with soil conservation system‐curve number method: A case of semi‐arid ungauged Manesar Nala watershed

Manesar Nala watershed, having an aerial extent of 71.53 km², was subjected to modelling of its hydrological behaviour for assessing its water resource potential. Modern tools and techniques of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used for assessment of runoff generating potential using the Hydrologic Soil Cover Complex (HSCC) Method [U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)‐Soil Conservation System‐Curve Number (SCS‐CN) approach]. RS and GIS were used in generation and integration of thematic maps [such as Land use/Land cover (using LISS‐III data) and Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG), (using soil map of study area) to derive the Curve Number (CN) for simulating Runoff (R_o)]. The daily rainfall (P) data for the study period 2002–2015 were acquired from NOAA Climate Prediction Center (NCPC). Corresponding R_o from the watershed for intense storm events for 14 years were calculated through RS and GIS. GIS and SCS‐CN model was employed for modelling the runoff production to study its hydrological behaviour. The study showed that the Manesar Nala watershed was having a composite Curve Number – II (CN_II) value of 82.5 for normal conditions. For dry and wet conditions these values were estimated at 66.44 (CN_I) and 91.56 (CN_III), respectively. This investigation showed that Manesar Nala watershed exhibited an annual average (of 14 years, 2002–2015) R_o volume of 4 542 514.37 m³ based on the average annual rainfall (P) of 0.72 m (720 mm). The average annual surface runoff (R_o) was predicted to be approximately 0.21 m with annual runoff coefficient (C_R) of 0.29. During the study, we also found a strong correlation ‘r’ between satellite driven P and R_o from NRCS‐CN method of the order of 0.94. The methodology so developed has the potential to be used in other similar ungauged watersheds in the same agro‐climatic conditions for the purpose of planning of watershed conservation measures and other developmental activities.     

掘进巷道瓦斯运移多相流场实验研究

基于多相流及矿井通风理论,利用相似性实验方法,搭建了煤矿掘进巷道模型,并通过模型实验获得了掘进巷道内风流流场和瓦斯浓度分布场的特征信息。结合上述两方面的特征信息重点分析了巷道内瓦斯运移多相流场的流动特性,所采用方法对于矿井通风系统及瓦斯监测系统的设计具有较强指导意义。实验结果表明掘进巷道内瓦斯运移的实质是瓦斯组分在矿内混合风流流动中的质量传递过程。     

云南沿边境地带小流域LUCC遥感监测试验研究

通过对1990年和2004年两期Landsat TM影像LUCC信息提取方法的处理,揭示了14年间畹町河流域土地利用/土地覆盖的动态变化情况,并对其数量变化和空间特征进行了分析。研究表明,1990-2004年间流域内林地和水域面积显著减少,城镇沿公路大量向外扩张,耕地和未利用土地面积有所增加,草地面积相对持平。     

杭来湾矿近浅埋煤层开采覆岩移动规律研究

通过相似物理模型实验对30101首采工作面开采时的覆岩移动规律进行研究,得出了杭来湾矿近浅埋工作面开采时的覆岩结构特征、关键层破断规律及关键层和地表移动规律,为具有相同地质条件煤层的安全开采及覆岩移动规律研究提供参考。     

HEC-HMS模型在紫荆关流域水文模拟中的应用

水文模拟对于流域防洪减灾、水资源规划管理有重要意义。基于Aster GDEM2提取紫荆关流域特征,并利用HEC-GeoHMS构建流域HEC-HMS模型。采用初损后损法、Clark单位线、马斯京根法和指数退水曲线法进行产汇流计算,模拟紫荆关流域1980~1988年16场次洪,其中前11场次洪用于率定,其余5场次洪作为验证。结果表明,HEC-HMS模型在紫荆关流域水文模拟中模拟效果较好,率定期的确定性系数在0.762~0.932之间,验证期的确定性系数在0.706~0.890之间,验证了该模型在我国半湿润地区大中流域应用的可行性。     

基于相似过程衍生的月径流概率预报模型研究

针对传统月径流预报模型存在的缺陷,建立了相似过程衍生法与概率预报相结合的月径流概率预报模型。运用相似过程衍生法发布确定的预报结果,在定点预报的基础上利用概率预报提供一定置信水平下的预报区间作为模型预报结果。模型结构简单、易于构建且建模过程中无需考虑预报因子的选择问题。将该模型与BP神经网络模型进行对比仿真试验,结果表明该预报模型具有较好的预报精度,且合格率高于BP神经网络模型,可在水库月径流预报中推广应用。     

基于投影覆盖法的小流域模型地貌分形特征

针对流域地貌所具有的明显各向异性和三维立体特征,将投影覆盖法引入其三维表面分形特征的直接量化,结合投影覆盖法计算三维表面分形维数基本原理和GIS技术,提出了基于投影覆盖法的计算流域地貌三维表面分形维数的GIS实现过程,并对9次摄影测量所得小流域模型地貌三维表面分形维数进行了计算。结果表明,投影覆盖法可实现流域地貌三维表面分形特征的直接量化,计算出的地貌三维表面分形维数准确反映了模拟降雨驱动下小流域模型地貌总体特征的动态变化过程;与计盒维数法相比,投影覆盖法更有利于揭示小流域模型不同发育阶段地貌特征的差异性,对于流域水土流失预报模型中地貌因子量化参数的选择具有重要意义。     

基于调查评价数据的永善县山洪灾害危险评价

基于近年来的山洪灾害调查评价数据,以云南省永善县为例,在要素评价框架下提出了一种县域尺度山洪灾害危险评价方法。该方法以小流域为基本统计单元,从河道形态、小流域属性等方面细化指标体系,并综合主成分分析、层次分析法和熵值法进行指标权重设计。结果表明,永善县山洪灾害危险分布主要受褶皱山系控制、区域特征明显,高危险区约占全县小流域总量的59%,主要沿五莲峰山系贯穿县境南北,低危险区集中在县域东南低地势起伏地区。通过对比历史资料,认为该方法精度较高,可为山洪灾害调查评价工作提供补充,为小流域山洪灾害监测预警设施布设、优化山区村镇居民点和开发建设项目布局等提供指导。     

秦岭山脉典型流域水系分形特征及空间分异性

将分形理论引入流域地貌形态的定量研究,利用盒维数法计算了秦岭地区22个典型流域水系分维值,分析其与流域形态和水文特征的相关性及空间分异性。结果表明,秦岭地区各流域水系在其无标度区间内呈现良好的分形特征,分维值处于1.033 5～1.079 5之间,相关系数达0.979 5以上;各流域水系分维值与流域形状系数呈正相关关系,与年径流深呈负相关关系,与河流比降呈较复杂多项式关系;秦岭山脉南北两侧水系分维值存在一定自组织相关性,尤以秦岭中部及西部地区较为显著,东部地区差异相对较大。