Polystyrene composites of single‐walled carbon nanotubes‐graft‐polystyrene

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) dispersed in N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP) were functionalized by addition of polystyryl radicals from 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy‐ended polystyrene (SWCNT‐g‐PS). The amount of polystyrene grafted to the nanotubes was in the range 20‐25 wt% irrespective of polystyrene number‐average molecular weight ranging from 2270 to 49 500 g mol^?1. In Raman spectra the ratios of D‐band to G‐band intensity were similar for all of the polystyrene‐grafted samples and for the starting SWCNTs. Numerous near‐infrared electronic transitions of the SWCNTs were retained after polymer grafting. Transmission electron microscopy images showed bundles of SWCNT‐g‐PS of various diameters with some of the polystyrene clumped on the bundle surfaces. Composites of SWCNT‐g‐PS in a commercial‐grade polystyrene were prepared by precipitation of mixtures of the components from NMP into water, i.e. the coagulation method of preparation. Electrical conductivities of the composites were about 10^?15 S cm^?1 and showed no percolation threshold with increasing SWCNT content. The glass transition temperature (T_g) of the composites increased at low filler loadings and remained constant with further nanotube addition irrespective of the length and number of grafted polystyrene chains. The change of heat capacity (ΔC_p) at T_g decreased with increasing amount of SWCNT‐g‐PS of 2850 g mol^?1, but ΔC_p changed very little with the amount of SWCNT‐g‐PS of higher molecular weight. The expected monotonic decrease in ΔC_p coupled with the plateau behavior of T_g suggests there is a limit to the amount that T_g of the matrix polymer can increase with increasing amount of nanotube filler. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

一起电动单梁起重机脱轨坠落事故的分析

本文介绍了一起电动单梁起重机运行脱轨坠落的事故案例，分析了造成事故的直接原因和间接原因，汇总了起重机运行啃轨故障的常见致因，提出了预防起重机坠落事故的管理手段和技术措施，对预防和减少同类事故具有鼍示意义。     

地面出入式盾构法隧道施工技术研究综述

地面出入式盾构(GPST)由日本株式会社大林组研发,作为一种新型盾构隧道施工方法,无需传统盾构的端头工作井,明显减小对周围环境的影响,同时缩短工期。该技术目前的实践工程较少,存在多方面工程技术难题。根据已有研究资料,阐述地面出入式盾构的相关技术难题,主要从隧道衬砌、盾构姿态、同步注浆等几个方面进行总结,分析现有研究不足之处,提出需要进一步研究的方向和研究思路。     

隧洞开挖典型掏槽设计方法

针对目前隧洞开挖爆破施工中缺少具体、详细的掏槽设计方法的现状,提出了最常用的2种典型掏槽方式,并详细论述了其设计方法。这些掏槽方式及设计方法均在实际施工中得到了推广应用,并且取得了良好的爆破效果。实际应用表明:这些典型掏槽方式及设计方法能有效提高硬质岩石开挖的钻孔利用率,能将钻孔利用率提高到98%～100%,实现掌子面基本无残孔,从而有效提高单循环进尺,加快开挖进度,降低开挖成本。     

Effect of electric field intensity on domain kinetics of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.38PbTiO3 single crystal

As one of the outstanding piezoelectric materials, relaxor-PbTiO₃ single crystal also exhibits promising electro-optic and nonlinear-optic properties. Therefore, it is vital to understand the domain switching kinetics not only for optimizing strain-mediated devices performance but also for fabricating optical waveguides and periodic domain structures in optical applications. In this work, domain switching kinetics in annealed and pre-poled PMN-0.38PT single crystal under different external electric field were studied. Polarization reversal can be accomplished only by c-domain nucleation and growth in the annealed sample where the formation of the ferroelastic domains is hindered. In pre-poled sample, 90° domain switching happened by 90° domain wall reorientation under low electric field while 180° domain switching is accomplished by two-step 90° domain switching and c-domain growth under high electric field. The results are important for modulating domain structure for strain mediated and optical devices.     

Methodology for the application of velocimetry by molecular tagging of hypersonic flows

A laser-induced NO fluorescence technique was applied to measure velocity in a hypersonic shock tunnel nozzle exit. For the application of the technique, a detailed study of the density and fluorescence lifetime of the tracer radical, flow velocity and effective test time is proposed, resulting in a methodology for the application of the technique in hypersonic pulsed facilities. The study has demonstrated that it is necessary to jointly evaluate the flow velocity, the fluorescence lifetime of the radical and the width at half height of the laser beam, resulting in a kind of indicator for the feasibility of the technique. The variation of the laser incidence time with respect to the Pitot signal showed that it is not enough to select a stable Pitot pressure signal region to define the laser incidence time, preliminary trial and error analysis are necessary for each device used. Furthermore, the analysis of the velocity values calculated from the linear fit method shows that the adoption of such a method eliminates the effect of the systematic error of the measurements.     

Investigation of Nafion series membranes on the performance of iron‐chromium redox flow battery

To boost the performance of the iron‐chromium redox flow battery (ICRFB), opting an appropriate proton exchange membrane (PEM) as the core component of ICRFB is of great importance. For the purpose, in this paper, various widely adopted commercial Nafion membranes with a different thickness of 50 μm (Nafion 212, N212), 126 μm (N115), and 178 μm (N117) are chosen for the sake of evaluating the influence of membrane thickness on the ICRFB single‐cell performance. Physicochemical properties, electrolyte utilization, cell efficiency, long‐term cycling stability, and the self‐discharge process of ICRFBs based on a series of Nafion membranes are contrasted comprehensively. The cycling test of ICRFBs is carried out under the current density range of 40 to 120 mA/cm² for the charge‐discharge process. As a result of the good equilibrium of membrane resistance and electro‐active species permeability, Nafion 212 membrane exhibits the highest electrolyte utilization and energy efficiency during the operation, accompanied by the lowest overpotential. In the final part, the selection of Nafion membrane thickness was optimized on the basis of single‐cell performance and the overall cost of the system.     

我国北方火炕烟囱中回风洞的数值模拟与分析

火炕采暖在我国北方农村地区非常普遍,为了取得更好的采暖效果,在原有火炕的基础上,以我国北方农村地区火炕中的回风洞(俗称“狗洞”)为研究对象,通过三组实验对烟囱进口处高温烟气的温度和速度进行了测定,依据流体运动中的三大守恒定律,分别建立了三组实验中烟囱内高温烟气流动的平面二维数学模型,利用FLUENT软件对烟囱内烟气的流动状态进行数值模拟,分析了烟囱进口烟气的运动趋势以及回风洞的有无对反风时火炕采暖系统的影响,最后得出结论是回风洞能有效地减弱外界风流的反向作用,阻止了突然自然反风而造成的烟气回流,甚至是火苗外窜的安全隐患。