Application strategies for Sechura phosphate rock use on permanent pasture

At two phosphate (P) responsive sites in hill country the effectiveness of Sechura phosphate rock (SPR) as a direct application P fertilizer for permanent pasture was evaluated. Sechura was applied at two rates, in three different application strategies. The treatments were 16.7 and 50 kgP ha^–1 annually, 25 and 75 kgP ha^–1 biennially, and 50 and 150 kgP ha^–1 triennially giving a total of 50 and 150 kgP ha^–1, respectively, over three years. Single superphosphate (SSP) served as the standard P fertilizer. A comparison was also made between SPR and Chatham Rise phosphorite (CRP), another reactive PR. Total pasture and legume production and P uptake by pasture was measured with all fertilizer treatments over a three year period.In the year of application, SPR was as effective as SSP in stimulating total pasture and legume production and P uptake by pasture. This reflects the very reactive nature of this PR. In the second and third years of measurement, SPR did not show superior residual efffects to SSP. The ability of CRP to stimulate legume growth more than SPR in the second year following application demonstrates the danger of generalizing about the residual effects of reactive PR materials. Of the application strategies evaluated, a biennial appplication of 25 kgP ha^–1 as SPR maintained legume growth at a higher level than a smaller (16.7 kgP ha^–1) annual dressing. The biennial strategy also increased total pasture yield, in addition to legume production to a greater extent in the second and third years than a single (50 kgP ha^–1) triennial application.     

高收率合成DADE的新方法

在比较DADE的3条文献合成路线基础上，研究了以2-甲基-4，6-嘧啶二酮为母体用硝硫混酸硝化生成中间体2-(二硝基亚甲基)-5，5-二硝基-2H-嘧啶-4，6-二酮、中间体水解合成DADE的方法。DADE总收率达到83％以上，用IR、MS、NMR及元素分析鉴定了其结构。     

陶瓷膜分离钛硅分子筛的实验与模型计算

在面向过程的陶瓷膜材料设计理论模型的基础上,以TS-1钛硅分子筛悬浮液固液分离为应用体系,计算了陶瓷膜分离过程的操作条件与渗透性能的关系,与实验结果有良好的一致性.计算表明,对于平均粒径为290 nm的钛硅分子筛体系,陶瓷膜存在最优孔径区间(200~300 nm),使膜保持高渗透通量.孔径小于200 nm时膜通量随孔径增大而增大,孔径大于300 nm时膜通量随孔径增大而减小;采用孔径为200 nm的陶瓷膜过滤钛硅分子筛,渗透通量随时间的变化关系与模型预测结果一致,稳定通量达到800 L/(m2.h).     

鼓泡床内气泡-液体两相湍流代数应力模型的数值模拟

现有的气泡 -液体两相流动的数值模拟中 ,或者不考虑湍流 ,或者仅仅考虑液体湍流 ,但是直接模拟和PIV测量结果都表明气泡由于尾迹的作用有强烈的湍流脉动 .本文首次推导和封闭了同时模拟气泡湍流脉动和液体湍流脉动的二阶矩输运方程两相湍流模型 ,并在此基础上建立了代数应力气泡 -液体两相湍流模型 .用代数应力模型模拟了二维矩形断面鼓泡床内气泡 -液体两相流动 .预报结果给出了气泡和液体两相速度场、两相Reynolds应力及湍动能分布和气泡体积分数分布 .模拟结果与PIV测量结果符合很好 ,表明了模型的合理性 .研究结果表明 ,原先静止的液体在气泡因浮力而产生的上升运动的作用下产生回流流动 ,而气泡则只有上升运动 .气泡速度始终大于液体速度 .在床内气泡湍流脉动确实始终很强烈 .液体则由于气泡的作用以及自身速度梯度产生的双重作用而发生湍流脉动 .气泡的脉动显著地大于液体的脉动 .两相湍流脉动都是各向异性的 ,而且气泡湍流脉动的各向异性比液体的更强烈     

复合材料弹道冲击性能研究进展

本文总结了近年来复合材料弹道冲击研究的进展,着重从纤维集合体的结构对弹道冲击损伤机理的影响、弹道冲击的分析模型及数值模拟做了概述,总结了人们为提高复合材料弹道冲击性能所做的努力,最后指出了几个尚需深入解决的问题.     

结晶垢结垢过程的传热传质模型

通过对结晶垢结垢过程传热传质机理的分析,证明了垢层表面温度随时间的变化会对结垢过程产生重大影响.据此提出了考虑垢层表面温度变化的描述结垢过程的传热传质模型.对恒壁温和恒热流条件下的结垢过程进行了详尽的分析和讨论.结果表明,对恒壁温情况必须考虑垢层表面温度随时间的变化,这一变化是导致结垢过程渐近特性的重要原因之一;而对恒热流情况,垢层表面温度随时间的变化很小,可以忽略它所带来的对结垢过程的影响.与实验数据比较表明,模型预测是正确可靠的.     

A Numerical Sirnulation of Gas-Particle Two-Phase Flow in a Suspension Bed Using DifFusion Flux Model

A mathematical modei of two-dimensional turbulent gas-particle twophase flow based on the modified diffusion flux modei (DFM) and a numerical simulation method to analyze the gas-particle flow structures are developed. The modified diffusion flux modei, in which the acceleration due to various forces is taken into account for the calculation of the diffusion velocity of particles, is applicable to the analysis of multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase turbulent flow. In order to verify its accuracy and efficiency, the numerical simulation by DFM is compared with experimental studies and the prediction by k-ε-kp two-fluid modei, which shows a reasonable agreement. It is confirmed that the modified diffusion flux modei is suitable for simulating the multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase flow.     

Mass transfer from Taylor bubbles rising in single capillaries

Gas-liquid mass transfer from Taylor bubbles rising in 1, 2 and 3 mm diameter capillaries of circular and square cross-sections was investigated for air-water system. The liquid-phase volumetric mass transfer coefficient k_La was obtained from experimental oxygen absorption dynamics. The experimental k_La values are in good agreement with the model developed by van Baten and Krishna (2004. Chemical Engineering Science 59, 2535-2545), with the additional assumption that the dominant mass transfer contribution is to the film surrounding the bubble.     

Effects of apitong (Dipterocarpus spp.) extractives on bond strength development and curing rate of adhesives

Emulsion polymer isocyanate ( ), polyvinyl acetate ( ) and resorcinol-formaldehyde ( ) adhesives were used to produce single lap shear specimens using resinous and non-resinous apitong (Dipterocarpus spp.) timbers. Tests showed that joints made with highly resinous apitong were about 40% weaker than similar joints made with non-resinous apitong. The resinous apitong was treated with different solvents to yield five different extractives which were characterized by infra-red analysis. Apitong extractives were then added to and adhesives and joints made with buna (Fagus crenata), a timber known to be low in extractives and easy to bond. Joints prepared using extractive-containing adhesives were generally weaker than those made with the unmodified adhesives. RF adhesives containing extractives cured more slowly than unmodified . It is thought that the acidic nature of the extractives changes the pH of the system sufficiently to affect the curing mechanism     

基于神经网络和过程机理的热流体系统仿真

构建了一种基于复合神经网络和过程机理特性的热流体系统仿真模型 .该模型在形式上为一种复合人工神经网络模型 ,保证了模型具有十分理想的仿真速度 ;在网络模型设计上较好地考虑了系统输入与输出间的物理基础 ,网络模型在一定程度上由常规的黑箱模型转化为“灰箱模型” ,网络的训练除了具有常规的输入、输出间的纯数值映射关系学习功能之外较好地体现了对象输入与输出间的物理机理学习 ,保证了网络模型具有良好的联想能力、外推能力和时间递推能力 .