Observations of the preferential loss of major ions from melting snow and laboratory ice

Two types of laboratory experiments were undertaken to understand changes in the ionic composition of solutions from melting snows: (1) a set of field-laboratory experiments which involved partially melting recently collected snows and (2) experiments on the controlled melting of artificial ices of known composition. Sulphate and nitrate ions are preferentially lost with respect to chloride during the melting process so apparent elution sequence may be written SO₄²⁻ > NO₃⁻ > Cl⁻. Of the cations, sodium appears to be removed least readily giving an elution sequence Mg²⁺ = K⁺ > Na⁺. In the laboratory the differences in the efficiency of removal of ions from ice are small in the first stages of melting, but pronounced by the end of the melt. Sodium and chloride are expected to be proportionally enriched in residual leached snow packs. This is generally born out by field observations. The preferential loss of some ions is more evident in aged laboratory ice than in the freshly made ice. The changes in the ice and meltwater composition throughout the process of melting may be understood to arise from the mixing of two types of solutions: (i) an intergranular surficial brine with high solute concentration that occupies the ice grain boundaries and (ii) the meltwater from the ice grains.     

海洋环境锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构修补方法

海边建筑物经常由于氯离子的侵入而发生钢筋锈蚀破坏.介绍了由于锈蚀引起的不连续裂缝的封闭和修补,贯通裂缝的灌浆和修补,混凝土保护层的修补和结构的碳纤维补强等施工方法;这些方法可供锈蚀结构修复时参考.     

大跨度、浅埋及软弱围岩隧道进洞施工技术

对厦门市机场快速路(仙岳路—演武大桥)JC6合同段钟鼓山隧道改建并线段大跨度、浅埋及软弱围岩隧道洞口段施工工艺、施工方法的控制要点进行了重点阐述,其施工工艺和方法能为同类隧道进洞施工提供借鉴。     

城市井盖智能化管理方法综述

近年来,由于城市中井盖管理不善,造成全国范围内各类伤人、损车事件频发,严重影响了市民的出行安全,造成不良的社会影响。本文针对目前我国城市井盖管理存在的问题进行分析、研究和探讨,在井盖安全防护、数字城管模式和RFID技术使用三种智能管理模式的基础上,提出了基于无线传感器的井盖丢失检测监管方法,整套系统具有较好的技术性能和应用价值。     

压实膨胀土膨胀特性的试验研究

研究南水北调东线江苏段沿线压实膨胀土的膨胀变形特性,得到了压实膨胀土的无荷膨胀率与初始含水率之间呈线性关系以及压实膨胀土发生膨胀变形的上限含水率,得到压实膨胀土的有荷膨胀率与上覆荷载之间呈半对数关系。在实际工程中,根据实际含水率与上覆荷载,可预测土体可能发生的膨胀变形量。     

垃圾填埋场终场腾发覆盖系统的研究进展

垃圾填埋场的传统覆盖形式为压实黏土、土工合成材料、土工膜或由这些材料组合而成的屏障型覆盖系统,由于垃圾降解和固结沉陷等原因,几乎所有屏障型覆盖系统在长期使用过程中都可能破坏失效。近年来,腾发覆盖作为一种替代覆盖技术在美国的垃圾填埋场得到广泛应用。腾发覆盖由一层植被土构成,它利用非压实土层储蓄渗入的降水、依靠植物的蒸腾和土壤蒸发消耗土壤水,从而实现渗沥污染控制。腾发覆盖的植被宜采用灌木和草皮混合形式,覆盖土层宜采用壤土或黏壤土,土体密度宜为1.1～1.5g/cm3,土层厚度取决于植被和当地气候。腾发覆盖是一种经济、实用、易于建造和维护的生态覆盖技术,但不宜用于蒸发量∶降水量〈1.2的沿海地区。     

无粘结预应力混凝土简支板的抗火试验研究

主要研究了受火无粘结预应力混凝土简支板的温度场分布和板的变形情况 ,并给出了钢筋保护层的厚度、预应力度对无粘结预应力混凝土简支板受火性能的影响。为无粘结预应力混凝土板的火灾行为的理论研究提供了依据。     

哈尔滨市松花江隧道顶部覆土安全厚度预测模型

针对拟建哈尔滨市松花江隧道的施工过程，首先假定考虑各种不同工况及场地条件下的40种施工设计模型，建立尽可能逼近实际问题的有限元数值分析模型，反复进行模拟计算，据此绘制各单项影响因子与隧道顶部覆土安全厚度之间相互变化关系曲线，并分别给出其高精度的拟合关系式。同时讨论各单项影响因子与隧道顶部覆土安全厚度之间的相关变化规律，从而遴选出影响隧道顶部覆土安全厚度的主要影响因子，然后采用多元逐步回归分析方法，获得能够综合体现各主要影响因子共同作用的隧道顶部覆土安全厚度预测模型。最后，以一相似的隧道工程为例，对所得到的隧道顶部覆土安全厚度预测模型进行有效性与可靠性校验。     

猎德污水处理厂(四期)加盖A2/O生化池设计浅谈

结合某污水处理厂改良A2/O生化池设计实例,介绍大型钢筋混凝土加盖池体如何合理进行池体盖板结构布置以及合理设置贯穿池体盖板、底板及壁板的变形缝.为避免贯通缝打断池体盖板梁板结构,解决池体盖板支承困难,本工程采取沿池体壁板设置通长条状牛腿等方法予以解决,另外也给出了试水工况下分块池体在深水压为作用下的抗滑移设计方法.     

Impacts of climate and land‐cover changes on water resources in a humid subtropical watershed: a case study from East Texas,USA

This study investigates the response of water resources regarding the climate and land‐cover changes in a humid subtropical watershed during the period 1970–2009. A 0.7°C increase in temperature and a 16.3% increase in precipitation were observed. Temperature had a lower increase trend, and precipitation showed definite increasing trend compared to previous studies. The main trend of land‐cover change was conversion of vegetation and barren lands to developed and crop lands affected by human intervention, and forest and grass to bush/shrub which considered to be caused by natural climate system. Hydrologic responses to climate and land‐cover changes resulted in increases of surface run‐off (15.0%), soil water content (2.7%), evapotranspiration (20.1%) and a decrease in groundwater discharge (9.2%). We found that surface run‐off is relatively stable with precipitation, whereas groundwater discharge and soil water content are sensitive to changes in land cover, especially land cover brought about by human intervention.