非饱和黏性土直剪强度特性及其修正分析

为研究非饱和黏性土的直剪强度特性,采用非膨胀土及两种不同干密度的弱膨胀土进行了包含低应力状态下8种不同上覆压力的直剪试验。试验结果表明,随着上覆压力的增大,最大剪应力及所对应的剪切位移逐渐增大,试验中低应力状态下测定的土体凝聚力小于高应力状态,且试验中的上覆压力对膨胀性土凝聚力的影响大于非膨胀性黏土;而低应力状态下测定的土体内摩擦角大于高应力状态。对直剪试验中上下盒接触面积减小对抗剪强度参数测定的影响进行了分析,分析表明,接触面积减小对抗剪指标有影响,但极其微小。提出对膨胀土边坡浅层破坏进行稳定性分析时应采用低应力下的抗剪强度参数。     

新形势下做好长江流域水土保持监测工作的思考

基于长江流域水土保持的监测调研工作,结合我国当前社会、经济发展新形势的总体要求,针对开展好流域水土保持监测工作这一课题,从完善水土流失动态监测工作、构建应急监测体系、强化机构职能定位、推进先进技术和设施设备应用、优化流域网络体系顶层设计、探究水土流失监测综合性指标设置等方面开展了一些有益的探索,以利于更好地开展新形势下的水土保持监测工作。     

生产建设项目不同水土保持监测方法的比较分析

生产建设项目的水土保持监测内容由1个目标层、6个控制层、29个要素和96个指标构成。介绍了长江流域水土保持监测中心站开展水土保持工作主要采取的方法,即资料分析法、实地量测监测、定点地面监测、遥感监测、三维激光扫描测量、摄影测量和远程实时监控技术等。比较了各监测方法的原理、适应性及特点。由于各种监测方法均不是独立运用于某一个项目工程,因此,根据项目工程总体布局和工程施工可能造成的水土流失部位的特点,应相互结合各自特点,选择适合的监测方法,对生产建设项目水土流失及水土保持措施进行全过程监测。     

湿塑性水泥土增强研究

从水泥在水泥-水-粘土系统中水化的特点出发，阐述了湿塑性水泥土的强度形成过程，主要是依赖于水泥石的强度骨架与粘土之间的结构连接。通过实验，研究了几种外加剂对湿塑性水泥土的增强作用及其增强机理，结果表明，外加剂能改善水泥土的水化介质环境和结构粘接，可改善水泥土的稠度和强度。     

温度影响下压实红粘土持水特性研究

通过渗析法和水汽平衡法研究不同温度控制下干密度1.7 g/cm~3压实红粘土持水特性(SWRC:soil water retention characteristics)。试验结果表明:20℃下干密度1.7 g/cm~3压实红粘土进气值约为110 k Pa;试样控制的温度越高,压实红粘土样持水能力越低,土样进气值随着温度升高而减小,且呈线性关系;Van Genuchten(1980年)土水特征模型能很好的描述干密度1.7 g/cm~3压实红粘土持水特性曲线。     

花岗岩残积土-土工格栅界面的后循环剪切行为研究

花岗岩残积土在华南、东南沿海、南岳、新疆等地区广泛分布,前人的研究多集中在结构性及微观特性上,后循环加载、位移演化、土壤密度等因素对筋-土界面的剪切特性及加筋作用效果的影响评估研究较少。从循环试验剪切刚度这一重要参数入手,以加载次数、加载频率值、位移振幅值、土壤重度值为自变量,应用控制变量法,通过设计循环直剪试验,得到加筋花岗岩残积土的剪切应力与剪切位移、垂直位移与剪切位移关系曲线进行观察对比,结果表明:花岗岩残积土土工格栅界面剪切刚度受位移半振幅、土壤干重度影响很大,受加载频率影响很小,循环加载并没有弱化后循环界面剪切强度,剪切位移与位移半振幅呈负相关关系。     

土体固结粉在软土地基加固中的应用研究

针对上海地区软土地基特点,利用工业废渣为主要原料配制成新型土体固结材料——土体固结粉。通过室内的无侧限抗压强度及XRD试验得出其固化土的强度性能及加固机理;再通过室外原位搅拌桩施工及芯样试验进行分析,研究了土体固结粉在软土地基加固实际工程中的适用性。     

Nitrogen transformations during hydrolysis and nitrification of urea

Nitrogen transformations occurring in ten soils fertilized with urea were determined during incubation in the laboratory for four weeks. Urea was applied at one rate, but with different placement methods. Urea was applied in solution, as prills with a 1 cm grid spacing and as prills with no spacing. Unfertilized soils and soils amended with KNO₃ solution were included as controls.Nitrite accumulated in the majority of soils treated with urea, and the maximum nitrite concentration measured was directly related to initial soil pH. Cumulative gaseous N losses as percentages of applied N were: NH₃, 0-59.6; N₂, 0-4.9; N₂O, 0-9.9; KMnO₄-N, 0-1.3; CH₃ONO, 0-<0.1. No gaseous N evolution was detected in control treatments. Gaseous N losses were correlated with soil pH (NH₃) maximum NO ₂ ^- concentration (N₂, N₂O, KMnO₄-N) and organic C content (N₂, N₂O). Fertilizer placement effects were generally not significant and were small in comparison with differences between soils.

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Resumo Foram determinadas, durante incubação em laboratório por quatro semanas, as transformações do nitrogênio ocorridas em dez solos fertilizados com uréia. A uréia foi aplicada a um só nivel, mas com diferentes métodos de aplicação: em solução e em grânulos com 1 cm de espaçamento de grade e em grânulos sem espaçamento. Solos não fertilizados e solos corrigidos com solução de KNO₃ foram incluidos como controles.O nitrito acumulado na maioria dos solos tratados com uréia e a concentração máxima de nitrito medido foram diretamente relacionados ao pH inicial do solo. As perdas cumulativas de N gasoso tomadas em percentagens de N aplicado foram: NH₃, 0-59.6; N₂, 0-4.9; N₂O; 0-9.9; KMnO₄-N, 0-1.3; CH₃ONO, 0-<0.1. Não foi detectada liberação de N gasoso nos tratamentos de controle. As perdas de N gasoso foram relacionadas com o pH do solo (NH₃), concentração máxima de NO ₂ ^- (N₂, N₂O, KMnO₄-N) e teor de C orgânico (N₂, N₂O). Efeitos da aplicação de fertilizante não foram de um modo geral significativos e foram pequenos em comparação com as diferenças entre os solos.

     

Outlook on fertilizer use efficiency in the tropics

In this paper efficiency of applied fertilizers under tropical conditions is examined. Understanding of the fertilizer efficiency is particularly important for the developing countries mainly because there is need for enhancement of crop yields at a reduced cost. Many of the soil, plant and climatic factors of the tropical regions that contribute to the efficiency of the applied fertilizers have been discussed. Many of the tropical soils are acidic in nature and in these soils efficiency of applied fertilizer is relatively poor, mainly because plant roots are unable to grow and function to their fullest extent in utilizing the soils available nutrients. To enhance yield potentials there is need for understanding of interaction between crop species and soil and climatic variables. Incorporation and adoptation of a suitable application time can greatly enhance efficiency of urea form of nitrogen. Research findings in tropical soils have shown that an initial broadcast application of P and subsequent band treatment is more effective than either method of application alone. Current crop yields in tropical countries are far below the known yield potentials. Such low production potentials are attributed to the lack of suitable crop germplasms and understanding of improved agronomic practices. Intensification of research activities in fertilizer use efficiency in tropical countries is suggested.Senior author formerly was a Research Advisor to EMBRAPA/IICA/World Bank Program in Brazil.     

An easy pot incubation method for measuring nitrogen mineralization from easily decomposable organic material under well defined conditions

A pot incubation method for measuring mineralization dynamics from fresh plant material was tested. The aim was to develop a method which under well-defined conditions could produce mineralization data suited for estimating model input parameters for nitrogen prediction models. The results showed that the water tension of the soil could be controlled easily and precisely by diffusion through porous ceramic cups, and that nitrogen mineralization or immobilization could be measured already after 15 days at 15°C. The results showed that for the incubated catch crop residues carbon, nitrogen and nitrate-N contents were the most important factors determining mineralization. No significant effects ould be ascribed to other parameters measured.