溴虫腈土壤和甘蓝微量残留量的气相色谱法测定

采用气相色谱法定量分析溴虫腈土壤和甘蓝微量残留量。样品经丙酮提取 ,液 液分配及氧化铝柱层析法净化后 ,以GC ECD测定 ,DB 170 1毛细管柱 ,氮气为载气 ,柱温 2 6 0℃ ,汽化室温度 2 5 0℃ ,检测器温度 2 80℃ ,外标法定量。该方法快速、准确 ,在 0 0 1～ 2 0 0mg/L范围内线性相关系数r2 =0 9999,平均回收率 90 0 %～ 10 3 6 7% ,变异系数 4 4 8%～ 5 89% ,最小检测量 2× 10 12 g ,最低检出浓度 3 3× 10 4mg/kg。     

分布式系统可靠性研究的问题和挑战

分布式系统中软件可靠性是应用软件的发布者和用户关心的重要问题。针对大规模分布式应用,包括电子政务、电子商务、多媒体服务和端到端的自动化解决方案,已经产生了各种各样的模型来评价或预测其可靠性,但是这些系统的可靠性问题依然存在。相反,为了确保分布式系统的可靠性,要求在预测或评价整个系统可靠性之前,检查与企业分布式应用相关的每一个单个构件或因素的可靠性,且实现透明的错误检测和错误恢复机制为用户提供无缝交互。因此,文章从检查单个构件可靠性的角度,提出了在分布式系统上运行的应用软件可靠性的问题和挑战。     

基于属性约简的MPI运行时参数优化

目前MPI实现提供上百种可供调整的运行时参数,但默认的运行时参数不能发挥程序应有的性能。为了给应用程序提供接近最优的运行时参数,本文提出基于粗糙集理论中的属性约简建立优化模型。首先通过属性约简方法为不同基准程序产生参数组合值,再根据未知应用程序的程序特征通过所建立的优化模型为其预测参数值。实验表明,该方法可以有效地为未知应用程序预测参数值,并且比使用默认参数程序性能提升约20%。     

基于HEVC的帧内快速模式选择算法

为了解决高效率视频编码(High Efficiency Video Coding,HEVC)复杂度过高的问题,基于粗粒度模式选择(Rough Mode Decision,RMD)过程提出一种降低编码复杂度的方法。该算法充分利用了RMD候选队列的相似程度和预测模式在方向上的相关性这两个特性,进一步减少了进入率失真优化过程(Rate Distortion Optimization,RDO)的预测模式数量,达到了降低编码复杂度的目的。实验结果表明,该算法在编码质量损失0.5%的情况下节省了近22%的编码时间。     

多粒度时序特征在离网预测中的应用

电信运营商为了发现可能离网的客户,针对不同的场景研究开发了多种离网预测模型。目前的离网预测模型首先选择一种时间粒度抽取特征,之后使用机器学习算法对抽取的数据建模。这类方法只考虑了模型对分类性能的影响,没有充分考虑数据的作用。针对上述问题,提出一种使用多种时间粒度抽取特征的方法,并尝试在模型训练的不同阶段对不同粒度的特征进行融合。实验结果表明,使用多种粒度抽取特征训练出来的模型性能会明显优于使用单一粒度抽取特征的模型。     

基于排列熵和支持向量机的癫痫发作预测研究

针对癫痫发作给病人带来的巨大伤害,为临床治疗留下足够空余时间,提出一个可以预测癫痫发作的系统模型。对21名癫痫病人进行研究,提取具有较低算法复杂度的排列熵构成特征向量,将其输入支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）训练出学习模型,用来识别发作期样本,利用投票机制充分考虑病人差异来判断所处状态,最终实现癫痫的实时预测。结果表明,其中81%的发作可以提前平均50多分钟预测到,且具有较低的误报率。为癫痫发作预测系统的理论研究打下坚实基础。     

The clustering-based case-based reasoning for imbalanced business failure prediction: a hybrid approach through integrating unsupervised process with supervised process

Case-based reasoning (CBR) is one of the main forecasting methods in business forecasting, which performs well in prediction and holds the ability of giving explanations for the results. In business failure prediction (BFP), the number of failed enterprises is relatively small, compared with the number of non-failed ones. However, the loss is huge when an enterprise fails. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods (trained on imbalanced samples) which forecast well for this small proportion of failed enterprises and performs accurately on total accuracy meanwhile. Commonly used methods constructed on the assumption of balanced samples do not perform well in predicting minority samples on imbalanced samples consisting of the minority/failed enterprises and the majority/non-failed ones. This article develops a new method called clustering-based CBR (CBCBR), which integrates clustering analysis, an unsupervised process, with CBR, a supervised process, to enhance the efficiency of retrieving information from both minority and majority in CBR. In CBCBR, various case classes are firstly generated through hierarchical clustering inside stored experienced cases, and class centres are calculated out by integrating cases information in the same clustered class. When predicting the label of a target case, its nearest clustered case class is firstly retrieved by ranking similarities between the target case and each clustered case class centre. Then, nearest neighbours of the target case in the determined clustered case class are retrieved. Finally, labels of the nearest experienced cases are used in prediction. In the empirical experiment with two imbalanced samples from China, the performance of CBCBR was compared with the classical CBR, a support vector machine, a logistic regression and a multi-variant discriminate analysis. The results show that compared with the other four methods, CBCBR performed significantly better in terms of sensitivity for identifying the minority samples and generated high total accuracy meanwhile. The proposed approach makes CBR useful in imbalanced forecasting.     

Nitrogen transformations during hydrolysis and nitrification of urea

Nitrogen transformations occurring in ten soils fertilized with urea were determined during incubation in the laboratory for four weeks. Urea was applied at one rate, but with different placement methods. Urea was applied in solution, as prills with a 1 cm grid spacing and as prills with no spacing. Unfertilized soils and soils amended with KNO₃ solution were included as controls.Nitrite accumulated in the majority of soils treated with urea, and the maximum nitrite concentration measured was directly related to initial soil pH. Cumulative gaseous N losses as percentages of applied N were: NH₃, 0-59.6; N₂, 0-4.9; N₂O, 0-9.9; KMnO₄-N, 0-1.3; CH₃ONO, 0-<0.1. No gaseous N evolution was detected in control treatments. Gaseous N losses were correlated with soil pH (NH₃) maximum NO ₂ ^- concentration (N₂, N₂O, KMnO₄-N) and organic C content (N₂, N₂O). Fertilizer placement effects were generally not significant and were small in comparison with differences between soils.

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Resumo Foram determinadas, durante incubação em laboratório por quatro semanas, as transformações do nitrogênio ocorridas em dez solos fertilizados com uréia. A uréia foi aplicada a um só nivel, mas com diferentes métodos de aplicação: em solução e em grânulos com 1 cm de espaçamento de grade e em grânulos sem espaçamento. Solos não fertilizados e solos corrigidos com solução de KNO₃ foram incluidos como controles.O nitrito acumulado na maioria dos solos tratados com uréia e a concentração máxima de nitrito medido foram diretamente relacionados ao pH inicial do solo. As perdas cumulativas de N gasoso tomadas em percentagens de N aplicado foram: NH₃, 0-59.6; N₂, 0-4.9; N₂O; 0-9.9; KMnO₄-N, 0-1.3; CH₃ONO, 0-<0.1. Não foi detectada liberação de N gasoso nos tratamentos de controle. As perdas de N gasoso foram relacionadas com o pH do solo (NH₃), concentração máxima de NO ₂ ^- (N₂, N₂O, KMnO₄-N) e teor de C orgânico (N₂, N₂O). Efeitos da aplicação de fertilizante não foram de um modo geral significativos e foram pequenos em comparação com as diferenças entre os solos.

     

Outlook on fertilizer use efficiency in the tropics

In this paper efficiency of applied fertilizers under tropical conditions is examined. Understanding of the fertilizer efficiency is particularly important for the developing countries mainly because there is need for enhancement of crop yields at a reduced cost. Many of the soil, plant and climatic factors of the tropical regions that contribute to the efficiency of the applied fertilizers have been discussed. Many of the tropical soils are acidic in nature and in these soils efficiency of applied fertilizer is relatively poor, mainly because plant roots are unable to grow and function to their fullest extent in utilizing the soils available nutrients. To enhance yield potentials there is need for understanding of interaction between crop species and soil and climatic variables. Incorporation and adoptation of a suitable application time can greatly enhance efficiency of urea form of nitrogen. Research findings in tropical soils have shown that an initial broadcast application of P and subsequent band treatment is more effective than either method of application alone. Current crop yields in tropical countries are far below the known yield potentials. Such low production potentials are attributed to the lack of suitable crop germplasms and understanding of improved agronomic practices. Intensification of research activities in fertilizer use efficiency in tropical countries is suggested.Senior author formerly was a Research Advisor to EMBRAPA/IICA/World Bank Program in Brazil.     

An easy pot incubation method for measuring nitrogen mineralization from easily decomposable organic material under well defined conditions

A pot incubation method for measuring mineralization dynamics from fresh plant material was tested. The aim was to develop a method which under well-defined conditions could produce mineralization data suited for estimating model input parameters for nitrogen prediction models. The results showed that the water tension of the soil could be controlled easily and precisely by diffusion through porous ceramic cups, and that nitrogen mineralization or immobilization could be measured already after 15 days at 15°C. The results showed that for the incubated catch crop residues carbon, nitrogen and nitrate-N contents were the most important factors determining mineralization. No significant effects ould be ascribed to other parameters measured.