Phytoplankton as biomonitors: A study of Museum Lake in Government Botanical Garden and Museum,Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India

An assessment of the pollution status of Museum Lake in the Thiruvananthapuram Botanical Garden and Museum was conducted. Analysis of different community structures of the planktonic taxa in the lake revealed it is organically polluted, attributable to the organic litter from riparian vegetation. A total of 30 most pollution‐tolerant phytoplankton genera and 24 pollution‐tolerant species were identified. Pollution‐tolerant phytoplankton genera in the lake included Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae. Scenedesmus, Pinnularia, Euglena, Ankistrodesmus, Closterium, Crucigenia, Kirchneriella, Merismopedia and Oscillatoria were some of the phytoplankton pollution tolerant genera whereas, Nitzschia palea, Synedra acus, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Pandorina morum and Trachelomonas volvocina were some of the pollution tolerant species noted. Excessive nutrient loading from the surrounding area is definitely degrading the quality of this urban lake ecosystem. Detailed information regarding the pollution status of a waterbody is very important in this regard, noting it ultimately assists in undertaking proper management of a waterbody. The Palmer Algal Index score for Museum Lake was 37, indicating it is highly organic enriched. The results of different algal indices (e.g. Chlorophycean Index; Nygaard Index) indicated a eutrophic condition for Museum Lake, being attributed to its increased organic enrichment. Canonical correspondence analysis between environmental variables and the microalgal bioindicators also highlighted the influence of the physical and chemical parameters on phytoplankton abundance and distribution in Museum Lake.     

Occurrence patterns of alien freshwater turtles in a large urban pond ‘Archipelago’ (Rome,Italy): Suggesting hypotheses on root causes

The patterns of the occurrence and distribution of alien freshwater turtle species in an urban pond archipelago (Rome, Italy) were analysed, with the aim of exploring the role of a set of factors (type of ponds, landscape context, size area, distance from the nearest road) with a generalized linear model approach. A total of 311 ponds subdivided in three types (fountains, small basins, lakes) embedded in different landscape contexts (public parks, private parks, urban areas) at differing distances from the nearest road were sampled. Six non‐native freshwater turtle species in 31 sites were recorded (9.97%). Lakes exhibited the highest occurrence rates of alien freshwater turtles, compared to small basins and fountains. Freshwater turtle species in urbanized areas were only observed in parks (both public and private). In both the public and private parks, the lakes exhibited the highest percentage of occupied sites, with fountains being the lowest. A direct and significant relationship was observed between pond size and species richness. The distance from the nearest road did not appear to affect species richness. A first interpretation of the data from this study facilitated the postulation of two a posteriori hypotheses that should be tested, as follows: (i) the causal process of turtle release is random, and the rate of extinction (and recapture) is higher in smaller ponds, thus producing the observed pattern; and (ii) the turtle release is not random, and people actively select the ponds they consider more suitable for their pet animals. In this study, it appears the lakes were perceived by those who abandon their pets as the most ecologically suitable habitats among other pond types to accommodate the different species of turtles. Knowledge of people's attitudes in regard to releasing pet animals also might assist managers of public green spaces to develop strategies aimed to preserve local biodiversity, and to educate the public about the conservation issue represented by the alien species.     

Development of a system‐based water balance model to assess interrelated physical and anthropogenic constraints in lake and reservoir watersheds,applied to Coeur d'Alene Lake,Idaho, USA

This study presents a methodology for the development of a water balance model that uses publicly available data in a manner useful to water scientists and managers who manage complex lake and reservoir watersheds. The approach was applied to Coeur d'Alene Lake, a naturally occurring lake that is controlled by a dam located on its outlet (Spokane River) in North Idaho, USA. As in many other areas, the region surrounding Coeur d'Alene Lake has experienced high rates of population growth in recent years, and there is concern that, as consumptive water use increases, the lake will eventually not be able to be managed to simultaneously maintain the federally mandated minimum flow requirements in the Spokane River and also maintain the target summertime elevation of 2128 feet (648.6 m) for recreation and hydropower purposes. The complexity caused by the competing uses at Coeur d'Alene Lake makes it an excellent case study for similarly characterized watersheds. Both a natural flow model and regulated elevation model were developed, and sensitivity analysis was conducted on both models to evaluate which lake processes have the greatest effects on lake elevation, thereby requiring the most attention. A ‘low‐flow’ scenario was modelled to demonstrate the usefulness of the model and to inform Coeur d'Alene Lake regional stakeholders regarding the interrelationship between current water policy and the lake's physical behaviour under stressed conditions that could result from climate change. Model result indicates that, while lake elevation may be maintained at the summertime elevation of 2128 feet (648.6 m) under a low‐flow scenario, the outflows in the Spokane River start to approach the minimum flow requirements in the month of August. The developed approach is useful where publicly available data exist and allows for economic, yet rigorous, water resources systems evaluation without requiring significant field data collection.     

我国结构抗浮水位研究现状与展望

目前我国结构抗浮水位方面研究成果虽然很丰富, 但分歧很大, 不仅直接影响了实际工程中的应用, 同时也造成了研究工作自身缺乏系统性和延续性。为解决这一问题, 利用水文学、水力学和土力学等科学理论, 分别从抗浮水位基本概念、抗浮水位分析中两个基本问题(孔隙水压力和远期最高水位)的方法论和抗浮水位分析的技术体系等3个角度对既有研究成果进行了系统综述与客观分析。在抗浮水位基本概念方面, 根据地下水赋存和渗流理论, 将目前研究成果划分为二维、准三维和三维等3种类型, 提出了各自的数学表达式, 分析了三者之间逻辑关系, 讨论了各自的科学性和适用性。在孔隙水压力分析方法方面, 尤其是孔隙水压力折减问题, 对基于渗流理论和有效应力原理的经典分析方法进行系统评述的同时, 还对当前讨论热烈的基于结合水理论的分析方法进行了梳理评价。在地下水远期最高水位预测方面, 着重讨论了历史最高水位法、基于宏观数据反演法和数值分析法等3种方法的优缺点及需要完善之处。在抗浮水位分析技术体系方面, 以北京地区为例对该类问题作了简要总结与评述。最后, 对抗浮水位研究与应用现状进行了概要性评述, 并结合我国国情, 对未来工作提出了展望与建议。     

溪源泄洪洞出口处闽江设计水位分析研究

溪源泄洪洞出口位于闽江之上,为分析泄洪洞出口处的设计水位,采用设计流量和水位流量关系推求法及实测水位资料推求法两种方法对工程设计水位进行计算,经过合理性分析,工程所在地近年水位变化剧烈,采用设计流量和水位流量关系推求法更符合现状情况,为工程建设提供可靠的设计成果。     

常规水处理工艺对内分泌干扰物的去除

介绍了上海杨树浦水厂、宁波水系、天津水司常规水处理工艺净化去除内分泌干扰物及降低内分泌干扰活性的生产规模的测定情况。常规水处理工艺对13种中的11种内分泌干扰物有一定的去除效果，对内分泌干扰活性为阳性的水能转变为阴性，但也有小部分情况出厂水的干扰物浓度高于水源水，水源水内分泌干扰活性为阴性，而出厂水反而为阳性的情况，作者对这一情况进行了分析和探讨。     

聚乙二醇酯磷酸锌三元配合物在水中的摩擦性能研究

合成了 3种聚乙二醇酯磷酸锌 (铈 )水溶性润滑添加剂 ,采用红外光谱表征其结构 ,四球摩擦磨损试验机测定其摩擦学性能。结果表明 ,分子中聚乙二醇作为水溶性基团 ,相对分子质量以 1 0 0 0为宜 ,相对分子质量太小 ,聚合物在水中溶解性差 ,影响其润滑性能 ;聚乙二醇的相对分子质量过大 ,导致聚合物在水中的溶解性太好 ,影响其在金属表面的吸附 ,同样影响其润滑性能。作为油性剂作用的疏水基团 ,碳链较长者润滑性能好 ,润滑性能优劣顺序 :C1 7H35>C1 1 H2 3>C7H1 5。金属元素作为活性元素 ,铈的抗磨性能优于锌的抗磨性能。一个分子中同时具有亲水性、疏水性、反应性等几类官能团 ,则兼具油性剂和极压剂功能 ,是性能优良的水溶性润滑添加剂     

新疆某黄土的土水特征及其分形描述

本研究采用新疆某引水渠道边坡的黄土填料进行土水特征曲线试验,研究压实度和应力水平对土料的土水特征的影响规律。针对试验结果,本研究首先采用经典的van Genuchten模型进行曲线拟合。然后采用分形理论进行土水特征曲线的比较分析。结果表明:(1)随着压实度的增加,土水特征曲线向下移动;随着轴向应力的增加,土水特征曲线也会有所下移;(2)相应于孔隙分布,该土料的土水特征曲线具有明显的分形特性;(3)在相同压实度下,不同应力水平的SWCC分形拟合基本平行。采用本文所述的分形方法,在已知不同应力水平下的孔隙率时,可较为合理的从一个应力水平下的土水特征曲线推求其它应力水平下的土水特征曲线。     

苗家坝-碧口梯级水库汛期水位动态控制研究

本文将单一水库预泄能力约束法,推广到梯级水库汛期水位动态控制中,并建立了梯级水库汛期水位联合运用和动态控制模型,假定预报信息准确,在不降低下游保护对象的防洪标准的前提下,最大限度发挥梯级水库的兴利效益。以苗家坝、碧口水库为对象进行了实时调度模拟,其结果相比于原设计汛限水位动态控制方案,减少了弃水,且保证最大出库流量均在可控范围内,达到在不降低防洪标准的前提下提高梯级水库兴利效益的目的,大大提高了洪水资源利用率。     

滇池环湖截污干渠错峰技术模拟与分析

为了实现滇池流域截污效果的最大化,基于前期建立的东岸排水管网SWMM模型,结合该区域1995-2016年间降雨资料,研究环湖截污干渠的错峰调蓄技术。根据雨水干渠液位高度执行不同控制模式:当水位低于6.76 m时执行典型污染物浓度阈值控制模式;当水位高于6.76 m时执行典型污染物阈值控制的同时执行液位-污染物通量控制模式。采用SS和TN作为干渠截流的典型污染物控制指标,其控制浓度阈值分别取12和5 mg/L。模拟重现期为0.5~1 a降雨时SS、TN浓度-负荷通量调蓄方案下干渠负荷收集情况,结果表明两种调蓄方案均能有效提高雨水干渠的负荷收集率,提高污水干渠出口浓度,降低雨水径流对污水厂的高水量和低浓度冲击负荷。随着重现期增大,干渠对污染物的高效和最大化收集效果越明显。但是TN调控下污染负荷收集效果优于SS,因此选择TN作为干渠截流的最优典型污染物控制指标。