The effects of bleached and unbleached rosemary oleoresins on light-sensitized oxidation of soybean oil

Bleached and unbleached forms of a rosemary oleoresin (RO) in stripped and nonstripped soybean oil behave both as antioxidant and prooxidant in a light-induced oxidative system. At 0.02 and 0.05% levels, RO had the greatest antioxidant activity, while at 0.01 and 0.5% levels it had the highest prooxidant activity in both stripped and nonstripped soybean oil. Treatment of both soybean oil systems with tertiary butylhydroquinone controlled light-induced oxidation of the oil better than did the oleoresin treatments. The prooxidant activity of the 0.5% RO level was probably due to an excess of prooxidant components being carried into the oil at that level, whereas the reduced antioxidant activity at 0.01% was probably due to the low initial level of active antioxidant components being added to the oil. Published as Journal Series No. 10072, Nebraska Agricultural Research Division, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0919.     

Concentration of tocopherols from soybean sludge by supercritical carbon dioxide

A supercritical fluid extraction method has been applied to test the feasibility of tocopherol concentration from soybean sludge with carbon dioxide at temperatures and pressures ranging from 35 to 70°C and 200 to 400 bar, respectively. The supercritical solubility of the esterified soybean sludge was over 4–6 times greater than that of the original soybean sludge. By a simple batch-type one-stage method the tocopherols in the esterified soybean sludge could be concentrated up to 40 wt%. The overall results of the present study show that soybean sludge initially containing about 13–14 wt% tocopherols may require a countercurrent multistage column to be highly and effectively concentrated.     

Thermoplastic extrusion—the mechanism of the formation of extrudate structure and properties

Systems processed by thermoplastic extrusion can be regarded as heterophase polymer melts of incompatible water-plasticized biopolymers. In the process of thermoplastic extrusion, proteins and polysaccharides are melted at high pressure and temperature below the temperature region of their thermal decomposition. Dispersed particles of these systems can be deformed in flow. The mixed-melt anisotropic structure, formed in flow, is fixed by rapid conversion of the melt jet that lets the extruder die from a viscous state to a rubber-like state and then to a glassy state caused by cooling and drying. Incompatibility of proteins and polysaccharides in their water-plasticized melt mixtures impacts on structure formation and texturization during thermoplastic extrusion. Presented at the 20th ISF World Congress and 83rd AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo, May 10–14, 1992, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.     

Enzymatic modification of canola/palm oil mixtures: Effects on the fluidity of the mixture

The bioreactor system to interesterify edible oils and fats at an ultra-micro aqueous phase of 100 ppm and less was investigated. The adsorption of lecithin, together with lipase onto a carrier, was effective for conducting the interesterifying reaction efficiently for oils and fats in micro aqueous phase. To improve the handling properties of palm oil at rather low temperature, palm oil was blended with canola or soybean oil, and then these blended oils were modified by enzymatic selective interesterification in a solvent-free, ultra-micro aqueous bioreactor system with an immobilized lipase that had 1,3-positional specificity. The effects of enzymatic interesterification were confirmed by triglyceride determination, by solid fat content profiles and by cloud point profiles, which were also compared to products of chemical interesterification. The improvement in the fluidity of blended oils with canola oil by the enzymatic reaction was bigger than with soybean oil, and chemical interesterification had no effects on the fluidity of blended oils.     

α-Tocopherol alteration of soybean antiherbivory toTrichoplusia ni larvae

The antioxidant vitamin E, -tocopherol, was tested as a candidate elicitor of alterable antiherbivory in soybean plants against cabbage looper larvae. Although a nonspecific antioxidant, vitamin E proved elicitory to the involved sulfhydryl-dependent receptor-energy transducer protein in soybean plasma membrane. Effects of -tocopherol were dependent on dosage, time, and space in the plant. The observed elicited effects were all decreases in herbivory. The best negative phytochemical correlate of looper feeding was the percentage of increased total HPLC peak area of extractables from elicited as compared to nonelicited leaves. Some specific compounds, e.g., glyceollins, were quantitatively major components of the total profile of secondary metabolites.     

长期施用含氮化肥对大豆生育及养分吸收的影响

从1984年起,在沈阳农业大学棕壤上没有氮化肥长期定位试验。结果表明,长期施用含氯化肥在大豆整个生育期内可促进株高、茎粗、根系等地上部及地下部的生长,氯对大豆氮、磷养分的吸收无明显影响,对钾的吸收有 促进作用。     

大豆/涤混纺纱混纺比及其不匀率的测试与计算方法

为了研究大豆蛋白纤维这种新型的纺织原料混纺比的测试方法,利用数理统计原理,采用密度梯度法对大豆/涤纶(65/35)混纺纱混纺比进行了测试和计算,该方法不仅可以得到混纺比均值,而且可以得到混纺比标准差,粗纱和细纱混纺比均值的控制范围分别为(63.64%,65.32%)和(64.16%,66.17%),粗纱和细纱混纺比标准差的控制限分别为2.89%和3.56%,同期细纱用溶解法实验结果为64.5%,2种方法误差为1.1%。     

改性大豆皮吸附剂对Pb2+的生物吸附性能研究

Using soybean hull residue after the soluble dietary fiber being removed during the soybean processing industry as crude material, a novel absorbent modified soybean hulls is prepared. Its adsorption behavior for Pb2+ is studied. The adsorbent has a large and efficient adsorpuon capacity for Pb-, uv to 20% of the mass of dry adsorbent. Its maximum adsorption capacity for Pb2+ reaches 217 mg.g-1 at initial Pb2+ concentration of 2000 mg.L-1,which is twice that of yeast absorbent and threefold greater than that of chitosan absorbent. The adsorption ability is sensitive to pH value in the solution and the optimal pH for adsorption of Pb2+is 7.0. In the presence of other metal ions (Ca2+, Mg2+and Na+) in the solution, their effect on the adsorption capacity for Pb2+is not obvious. After 5 cycles of adsorption, 80% adsorption capacity of Pb2+ is maintained. Compared with various available commercial resins, the modified soybean hulls are a plentiful, inexpensive and effective medium for the capture of dissolved Pb2+ from waste streams.     

GmIAA27 Encodes an AUX/IAA Protein Involved in Dwarfing and Multi-Branching in Soybean

Soybean plant height and branching affect plant architecture and yield potential in soybean. In this study, the mutant dmbn was obtained by treating the cultivar Zhongpin 661 with ethylmethane sulfonate. The dmbn mutant plants were shorter and more branched than the wild type. The genetic analysis showed that the mutant trait was controlled by a semi-dominant gene. The candidate gene was fine-mapped to a 91 kb interval on Chromosome 9 by combining BSA-seq and linkage analysis. Sequence analysis revealed that Glyma.09g193000 encoding an Aux/IAA protein (GmIAA27) was mutated from C to T in the second exon of the coding region, resulting to amino acid substitution of proline to leucine. Overexpression of the mutant type of this gene in Arabidopsis thaliana inhibited apical dominance and promoted lateral branch development. Expression analysis of GmIAA27 and auxin response genes revealed that some GH3 genes were induced. GmIAA27 relies on auxin to interact with TIR1, whereas Gmiaa27 cannot interact with TIR1 owing to the mutation in the degron motif. Identification of this unique gene that controls soybean plant height and branch development provides a basis for investigating the mechanisms regulating soybean plant architecture development.