花岗岩地区病险水库工程地质问题及处理措施

花岗岩地区病险水库的险情主要为坝基渗漏,高水位运行期坝脚易发生管涌而限制水库效益的发挥。以某病险水库为例,分析总结了花岗岩地区以风化料作为坝体填料的主要地质问题;对坝基花岗岩深厚的风化壳、差异风化以及河床冲洪积砂砾卵石层等主要工程地质问题进行了评价;针对主坝、副坝及溢洪道的防渗加固,提出了相应的工程措施。对其他典型花岗岩地区的病险水库工程勘察有一定参考价值。     

透水覆盖层上土石坝渗流量观测设计方案综合评价方法

介绍我国建造在透水覆盖层上土石坝渗流量观测的现状;提出考虑技术、经济、效果、运行以及对环境影响等因素的渗流量观测设计方案的综合评价方法;实例分析表明该方法考虑因素比较全面,处理得当,易于操作,结论合理。     

无黏性土层之间渗流接触冲刷机理试验研究

判别无黏性成层土产生接触冲刷的准则及确定产生接触冲刷的水力比降是研究渗流控制措施的必备要素,为工程界所关注。根据对试验资料的整理与分析,阐明了无黏性成层土产生接触冲刷的几何条件和水力条件,同时建立了产生接触冲刷的临界水力比降与两土层特征粒径的函数关系,可以用来判别无黏性双层土之间是否会产生接触冲刷。如果判明会产生接触冲刷,可进一步计算出产生接触冲刷的水力比降,这对土工建筑物的渗流控制具有指导意义。     

新立城水库坝基防渗高压摆喷灌浆参数试验

新立城水库土坝坝基属于双层地基,即表层为粘性土层,下面为沙砾石层。坝基下砾质粗砂和细砾为强透水层,连续分布。因需要防渗的透水层不厚(仅2～5m),采用高压喷射灌浆封堵透水层。施工前选定与坝段同样地质条件的试验场,用实际施工的喷灌设备分不同方案进行原型试验,开挖后观察成墙效果,最后确定施工技术参数。     

Establishing spatial trends in water chemistry and stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C) in the Elwha River prior to dam removal and salmon recolonization

Two high‐head dams on the Elwha River in Washington State (USA) have changed the migratory patterns of resident and anadromous fish, limiting Pacific salmon to the lower 7.9 km of a river that historically supported large Pacific salmon runs. To document the effects of the dams prior to their removal, we measured carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of primary producers, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish, and water chemistry above, between and below the dams. We found that δ¹⁵N was significantly higher in fish, stoneflies, black flies, periphyton and macroalgae where salmon still have access. Fish and chloroperlid stoneflies were enriched in δ¹³C, but the values were more variable than in δ¹⁵N. For some taxa, there were also differences between the two river sections that lack salmon, suggesting that factors other than marine‐derived nutrients are structuring longitudinal isotopic profiles. Consistent with trophic theory, macroalgae had the lowest δ¹⁵N, followed by periphyton, macroinvertebrates and fish, with a range of 6.9, 6.2 and 7.7‰ below, between, and above the dams, respectively. Water chemistry analyses confirmed earlier reports that the river is oligotrophic. Phosphorous levels in the Elwha were lower than those found in other regional rivers, with significant differences among regulated, unregulated and reference sections. The removal of these dams, among the largest of such projects ever attempted, is expected to facilitate the return of salmon and their marine‐derived nutrients (MDN) throughout the watershed, possibly altering the food web structure, nutrient levels and stable isotope values that we documented. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铜场水库大坝施工期渗流及变形资料分析

通过对坝体0＋090桩号及0＋145桩号施工期沉降及渗流监测成果的分析,初步分析了铜场水库大坝施工期在孔隙压力水和上游水位的共同作用下,心墙内渗透水位上升和沉降量明显偏大的原因。监测成果表明：①坝体施工期沉降量偏大但沉降监测成果符合一般变化规律;②心墙碾压铺料层厚度较厚,层间结合部压实密度较低,心墙压实度较低的部位有少量水渗入;③0＋090与0＋145断面的倾度为0.001%～0.067%,说明心墙沉降比较均匀。     

宽范围可调稳压电源的设计

介绍了一种以单片机为核心的智能化高精度直流稳压电源的设计,通过集成有A／D、D／A的单片机、三端稳压源、霍尔传感器和上位机组成闭环系统,实现高精度宽范围可调稳定电压的输出,特别适用于各种有较高精度要求的场合,该电源工作可靠,性能良好,现已成功用于某导弹遥测系统测试设备。     

On the model-based networked control for singularly perturbed systems

In this paper, the control of a two-time-scale plant, where the sensor is connected to a linear controller/actuator via a network is addressed. The slow and fast systems of singularly perturbed systems are used to produce an estimate of the plant state behavior between transmission times, by which one can reduce the usage of the network. The approximate solutions of the whole systems are derived and it is shown that the whole systems via the network control are generally asymptotically stable as long as their slow and fast systems are both stable. These results are also extended to the case of network delay.     

随机非线性系统的输出反馈控制

针对满足线性增长条件的一类随机非线性系统, 本文研究了输出反馈镇定问题. 然而不同于现有的所有文献, 由于线性增长条件中含有不可量测的状态, 引入了一个待定的高增益观测器. 利用反推设计技术, 构造性地给出了一个输出反馈控制器的设计, 通过适当地选取高增益参数, 保证了闭环系统的零解是概率意义下全局渐近稳定的, 输出几乎处处调节于零.     

磁浮列车搭接结构的非线性解耦控制

磁浮列车的搭接结构是一个多输入多输出的非线性系统, 对该系统进行稳定控制是确保磁浮列车可靠性的关键. 本文采用微分几何方法对系统解耦; 采用反馈线性化方法对解耦后的系统进行线性化, 确保了系统的全局稳定性; 对线性化之后的系统采用极点配置的方法进行控制律设计, 使系统的动态性能达到一定的指标; 最后给出了应用此方法的一个实际例子.