Impact of the addition of an enzyme pool on an activated sludge system treating dairy wastewater under fat shock loads

BACKGROUND: The application of lipase‐rich enzyme pools (such as the crude solid enzymatic preparation (SEP) obtained from Penicillium restrictum solid‐state fermentation of agro‐industrial wastes) to activated sludge systems may be an effective strategy for preventing various operational problems. The continuous addition of SEP to the treatment system can become cost‐prohibitive when in situ production and/or storage are factored in. The application of SEP to high‐fat wastewater treatment would only be justified as an emergency measure, such as a sudden increase in the fat content of the bioreactor influent. Therefore, the primary objective of this work was to investigate the efficiency of a crude SEP during fat shock loads, simulated through the periodic addition of dairy industry waste containing high fat concentrations to the feed stock of an activated sludge system, operated in continuous mode. RESULTS: The test bioreactor exhibited a higher average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency than the control bioreactor (83% for control and 90% for test) and the fat accumulation in the biological flocs of the test bioreactor was 3.2 times lower than that in the control bioreactor. Turbidity was also lower in the effluent of the test bioreactor (123 and 66 FTU in control and test, respectively) and it had a shorter recovery time between shock loads, especially when the interval between loads was shorter than one month (biweekly and weekly shock loads). CONCLUSION: The addition of SEP during fat overloads in the reactor feed maintained efficient COD removal in the test bioreactor for 270 days without any operational problems. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Field observations on the occurrence of new indicators of disinfection efficiency

This paper summarizes studies on the presence of acid-fast and yeast organisms in wastewater and water treatment plants and in surface water. These organisms were found to satisfy three of Bonde's criteria for indicator organisms: presence whenever pathogens are likely to be present; resistance at least equal to that of pathogens; and lack of regrowth in the post-treatment environment. This, plus prior data, indicates that these organisms are at least as acceptable as indicators of disinfection efficiency than the coliform group.     

籼米淀粉超微粉体的制备及其性质

研究了籼米淀粉超微粉体的一种新的制备方法 ,通过正交实验确定了酶处理淀粉的最佳条件 ,考察了淀粉的溶解度和膨润力。结果表明 ,酶处理淀粉的最佳工艺参数为 :水解温度４５℃ ,时间为２５ｈ ,酶用量为水解淀粉的４５%。随着粒径的减小 ,淀粉的溶解度增大 ,膨润力下降。     

混合型表面活性剂液膜法处理含酚废水研究

研究了兰－１１３Ｂ＝Ｓｐａｎ－８０－－煤油ＮａＯＨ液膜体系处理苯酚废水的最佳操作工用于对高浓度含酚废水进行处理，实验结果表明，混合型表面活性剂各项指标均较好，除酚效率可达９９％以上，对内相ＮａＯＨ的最佳浓度的确定给出了估算方法。     

Energy Value of Resistant Starch

Resistant starch was evaluated for energy value using fine silica and normal starch as controls and young rats as a test model. The net increase in rats' carcass energy due to the test materials fed over a 3-wk period formed the basis for assessing energy value. Rats fed normal starch deposited about twice as much fat and significantly more protein in the carcass than those fed either resistant starch or silica. Rats fed resistant starch or silica showed similar growth responses and increases in components of body composition and carcass energy content. This suggested that resistant starch provided, like silica, no energy.     

Dynamics of Solidification in 2% Corn Starch-Water Mixtures: Effect of Variations in Freezing Rate on Product Homogeneity

Directional solidification studies of gelatinized corn starch-water mixtures were undertaken in order to examine, in situ, the freezing behavior of this food model. The solidification rate was controlled by varying sample cell velocity as it moved from a 25°C hot stage to a -25°C cold stage. While freezing at cell velocities ≤7.5 μm/sec, starch granules were alternately pushed or entrapped by the advancing solid-liquid interface producing a segregated structure consisting of alternating high-starch and low-starch bands. At a cell velocity of 10 μm/sec, the frozen product was homogeneous. The relationship between the solid-liquid interface velocity and segregation behavior was quantified and compared to an existing model of particle-interface interactions.     

快干性瓦楞纸箱粘合剂的研制

本文叙述了快干性瓦楞纸箱粘合剂的配制及工艺过程。实验结果表明，该粘合剂具有快的干燥速度和良好的性能     

Dissolved organic carbon of coal slurry transport water

The qualitative and quantitative occurrence and fate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching into coal slurry transport water was examined in laboratory-generated coal slurries and wastewaters from the Black Mesa coal slurry pipeline. Laboratory slurries were formulated for both western coals (Wyodak, Montana Rosebud and Black Mesa) and eastern coals (Illinois No. 6 and Pittsburgh No. 8). Sephadex G-25 elution profiles and ultrafiltration studies indicate that the majority of the organic compounds in western coal slurry wastewaters were lower (less than 1000) molecular weight species (62% for Wyodak and 74% for Montana Rosebud). Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) for these particular wastewaters ranged from 50 to 150 mg l⁻¹ as determined through the use of an electrolytic respirometer. Also, there was a concomitant 51–74% reduction in the DOC levels in the wastewaters. This removal was primarily due to the removal of the lower (< 1000) molecular weight compounds by the seed inoculum. There was no evidence for the presence of mutagenic organics in the raw wastewater.     

真空技术在污水处理中的若干典型应用

介绍了真空技术在污水处理中的几种典型应用，真空结晶法在以分离污水中具有结晶性能的固体溶剂；真空过滤脱水用于初沉池和消化池污泥脱水，真空浮选法通过制造负压条件加速浮选过程；还有真空搅拌、真空脱气等等。这些足以说明真空技术在污水处理乃至环境保护中占有重要的一席之地。     

一种有机硫类絮凝剂DTC的合成及性能评价

讨论了由有机伯胺或仲胺和CS2合成二硫代氨基甲酸盐DTC的反应及副反应,简介了合成工艺。根据红外光谱确认了由三乙烯四胺合成的二硫代氨基甲酸盐（以下简称DTC）的结构。以含原油350 mg/L、含悬浮固体55.1 mg/L,含Fe^2＋10.0 mg/L的模拟污水为实验水样,考察了该DTC的絮凝性能,在40℃、pH=6-7、沉降时间30分钟条件下DTC的适宜加量为20 mg/L,此时污水含油量为9.0 mg/L;使用DTC的适宜pH范围在4-8,pH=6为最佳值,适宜温度范围为10-45℃,温度高于45℃时DTC可发生热分解;DTC的除油效果随污水中Fe^2＋浓度增大而改善。在含油89.1 mg/L、含悬浮固体55.1 mg/L、含Fe^2＋13.2 mg/L的油田污水中,DTC的除油率最高,远高于常用絮凝剂PFS,PAC,CPAM,HPAM和PAM。当污水中不含Fe^2＋时,DTC无絮凝除油效果。讨论了DTC在Fe^2＋参与下的絮凝过程。图5表1参8。