Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of lime pretreated wheat straw to ethanol

BACKGROUND: The objective of this work is to develop an efficient pretreatment method that can help enzymes break down the complex carbohydrates present in wheat straw to sugars, and to then ferment of all these sugars to ethanol. RESULTS: The yield of sugars from wheat straw (8.6%, w/v) by lime pretreatment (100 mg g^?1 straw, 121 °C, 1 h) and enzymatic hydrolysis (45 °C, pH 5.0, 120 h) using a cocktail of three commercial enzyme preparations (cellulase, β‐glucosidase, and xylanase) at the dose level of 0.15 mL of each enzyme preparation g^?1 straw was 568 ± 13 mg g^?1 (82% yield). The concentration of ethanol from lime pretreated enzyme saccharified wheat straw (78 g) hydrolyzate by recombinant Escherichia coli strain FBR5 at pH 6.5 and 35 °C in 24 h was 22.5 ± 0.6 g L^?1 with a yield of 0.50 g g^?1 available sugars (0.29 g g^?1 straw). The ethanol concentration was 20.6 ± 0.4 g L^?1 with a yield of 0.26 g g^?1 straw in the case of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation by the E. coli strain at pH 6.0 and 35 °C in 72 h. CONCLUSION: The results are important in choosing a suitable pretreatment option for developing bioprocess technologies for conversion of wheat straw to fuel ethanol. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Hydrogen peroxide concentration measured in cultivation substrates during growth and fruiting of the mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus spp.

Hydrogen peroxide is suspected of being highly implicated in mushroom nutrition and in substrate bleaching during cultivation. The parameters for measuring H₂O₂ in compost samples were examined and the methodology was applied to samples from both compost colonized by cultivars and wild isolates of Agaricus bisporus, and wheat straw or coffee pulp colonized by Pleurotus spp. Laccase and peroxidase activities were also measured. H₂O₂ concentration measured after heating at 80 °C for inactivating laccases and peroxidases was probably both H₂O₂ pre‐existing in the compost and H₂O₂ generated from quinones and active oxygen species. This potential H₂O₂ concentration increased during the vegetative growth for all the strains, in agreement with a direct relationship between H₂O₂ concentration and active biomass of A. bisporus or Pleurotus spp. in their cultivation substrates. Correlations were observed between H₂O₂ concentration and manganese peroxidase activity in cultivation substrates at the stage of primordia formation. At this stage of development, H₂O₂ generation via biotic or abiotic mechanisms should be an important physiological trait of mushrooms. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of process variables on liquid hot water pretreatment of wheat straw for bioconversion to fuel‐ethanol in a batch reactor

BACKGROUND: Crop residues as wheat straw are potential sources for fuel‐ethanol production as an alternative to current production based on starch‐ or sugar‐containing feedstocks. In this work, the effect of liquid hot water (LHW) process parameters, i.e. temperature (170 and 200 °C), residence time (0 and 40 min), solid concentration (5% and 10% (w/v)) and overpressure applied in the reactor (30 bar and no overpressure), on pretreatment of wheat straw was studied using a full factorial experimental design. Pretreatment effectiveness was evaluated based on the composition of the solid and liquid fractions obtained after filtration of pretreated material, and the susceptibility of the solid fraction to enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) using commercial cellulases. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed that only temperature and time, within the limits of the experimental range, have a significant effect on the responses studied. While the effect of pretreatment time in hemicellulose‐derived sugar recovery in prehydrolyzate depends on temperature, EH yield was enhanced as both temperature and time were increased. Maximum EH yield was 96 g glucose per 100 g potential glucose in pretreated residue. Xylan and acetyl groups content remaining in solid residue after pretretament, which were found to be directly correlated, had a marked effect on pretreated substrate degradability. CONCLUSIONS: LHW is an effective pretreatment to enhance the potential of wheat straw as substrate for ethanol production. Maximum hemicellulose‐derived sugar recovery (53% of content in raw material) and EH yield (96% of theoretical) fall within different temperature and time intervals, suggesting separate optimization designs for these responses. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同产地坡缕石粘土对高吸水树脂吸水性能的影响

以玉米秸秆,丙烯酸,不同产地坡缕石粘土为原料合成复合高吸水树脂MS-g-PAA/PGS。通过红外光谱,X射线衍射,扫描电镜和热重分析来研究坡缕石粘土的结构和形态。通过红外光谱和扫描电镜对复合高吸水树脂形貌及结构进行了表征。研究了各地坡缕石粘土形态,结构及组成对高吸水树脂吸水保水性能的影响.结果显示添加靖远坡缕石粘土的复合高吸水树脂有着最佳吸水保水性能。     

双酵母发酵膨化秸秆酶解液产乙醇研究

为了提高玉米秸秆的酶解率,对玉米秸秆进行膨化预处理,以乙醇质量浓度为影响值设计实验,研究时间、含氮量、温度、酵母比例四因素对发酵过程的影响。通过单因素试验及正交试验确定了双酵母发酵的最佳试验条件为48 h、含氮质量分数0.25%、33℃、酿酒酵母与毕赤酵母体积比3∶7,乙醇质量浓度可达10.2 g/L。本试验为秸秆乙醇的产业化生产提供技术依据。     

棉花秸秆草砖房施工技术研究

研究了将农业废弃秸秆-棉花秸秆压制成棉花秸秆草砖,并将其通过砌筑建成草砖建筑,探讨其作为砌筑建房的墙体材料的施工工艺及技术措施,可为棉花秸秆草砖在农村修建"绿色、环保、节能"建筑,提供理论依据,并为我国的农作物秸秆资源循环再利用探索出一条经济、适用、环保的途径。     

改性复合稻草砖的综合性能分析与应用

由于普通稻草砖防腐、防潮、防火等性能较差,并没有被广泛的应用,为了克服普通稻草砖的这些缺点,研发出改性复合稻草砖,即在普通稻草砖中加入由数种适量的无机重金属离子配伍,辅助以分散剂、稳定剂等无机成分,研制开发出高科技新型低碳建筑材料———改性复合稻草砖,替代传统的墙体材料———实心黏土砖。该材料轻质、保温、隔热、隔声、防火、耐酸碱、节能、节土、环保,可有效地防止普通稻草砖的腐、潮、火、鼠、虫害的发生,性能优异,发展前景广阔。     

Physical and frictional properties of non-treated and steam exploded barley, canola, oat and wheat straw grinds

During storage and handling, accurate knowledge of the physical and frictional behaviors of biomass grinds is essential for the efficient design of equipment. Therefore, experiments were performed on non-treated and steam exploded barley, canola, oat and wheat straw grinds to determine their coefficient of internal friction and cohesion at three hammer mill screen sizes of 6.4, 3.2 and 1.6 mm, three normal stress values of 9.8, 19.6 and 39.2 kPa at 10% moisture content (wb). At any specific hammer mill screen size, the geometric mean particle size and bulk density of non-treated straw was significantly larger than steam exploded straw. The bulk density of ground straw significantly increased with a decrease in hammer mill screen sizes. The steam exploded straw grinds resulted in higher coefficient of internal friction compared to non-treated straw grinds primarily because of lower bulk densities. The coefficient of friction for non-treated barley, canola, oat and wheat straw were in the range of 0.505 to 0.584, 0.661 to 0.665, 0.498 to 0.590, and 0.532 to 0.591, respectively. Similarly, the coefficient of friction for steam exploded barley, canola, oat and wheat straw were in the range of 0.562 to 0.738, 0.708 to 0.841, 0.660 to 0.860, and 0.616 to 1.036, respectively, which were higher than non-treated straw of the kind. Power, logarithmic or exponential equations were developed to predict the coefficient of internal friction and cohesion with respect to average geometric mean particle sizes for non-treated and steam explode barley, canola, oat and wheat straw grinds.     

磷酸改性向日葵秸秆对Cr~(6+)的吸附性能

以向日葵秸秆为原料,用磷酸改性制备秸秆活性炭,研究了秸秆活性炭的投加量、pH值、吸附时间和温度等因素对水溶液中Cr6+吸附的影响。结果表明:向日葵秸秆活性炭对Cr6+有很强的吸附去除作用;在吸附震荡时间为1.5 h,温度为25℃,吸附剂的投加质量浓度为8 g/L,pH值为4—7时,向日葵秸秆活性炭对Cr6+的吸附去除率为98.9%以上;升高温度有利于吸附,Langmuir等温模型能很好地反映吸附过程特征,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程。     

农作物秸秆用于制备活性炭的研究进展

中国农作物秸秆产量很大,秸秆资源的利用领域在不断扩大。活性炭具有发达的孔隙结构、大的比表面积和较好的吸附能力。文章介绍了稻壳、稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、麦秸秆、烟秸秆、蚕豆秸秆(壳)、棉秸秆、青稞秸秆、桑树秸秆、油菜秸秆、麻类秸秆等制备活性炭的工艺方法以及活性炭的性能。