The flood of the century on the River Oder: effects on the 0+ fish community and implications for floodplain restoration

In summer 1997, the flood of the century occurred on the River Oder in the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany. Effects of the summer flood on the 0+ fish community were evaluated at the Lower Oder in the Polish–German National Park. Fish were collected from different mesohabitats before the flood, at rising water levels and after the flood using Point Abundance Sampling by electrofishing. Flooding caused changes in local 0+ fish assemblages and partly affected the physical habitat structure. Two sandbars were formed by breaches in the dike system, replacing the former uniform river embankments. Under post‐flood conditions, diversity was increased in nearly all mesohabitats. ‘Wash‐out’ of 0+ fish was highest in poorly structured mesohabitats. Effects of the summer flood on eurytopic species were the most pronounced. We suggest that the progeny of rheophilic species were affected to a lesser extent by flooding because of their adaptation to variable flow conditions. Furthermore, rheophilic 0+ fish were able to colonize the newly created mesohabitats and, thus, benefited from the increased habitat heterogeneity after the flood. In this context, implications for floodplain restoration are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微波法合成淀粉-丙烯酸高吸水性树脂的研究

研究了微波法合成玉米淀粉-丙烯酸高吸水性树脂的工艺条件,测定了树脂对去离子水、自来水、模拟尿、模拟血、生理盐水的吸液倍率以及产物的吸水速率和保水性能。较佳的工艺条件为：丙烯酸用量30 mL,淀粉3 g,去离子水18 mL,25%NaOH溶液30 mL,质量浓度为2.0 g/L的K_2S_2O_8溶液3.5 mL,1 g/L的N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺溶液1 mL,初始聚合温度为常温,微波功率160 W,在氮气保护下反应5 min,真空干燥温度60℃,所得产物1 g能吸收去离子水1036.0 g。     

Corn and rice waste: a comparative and critical presentation of methods and current and potential uses of treated waste

Although corn and rice waste can be hardly classified among the most hazardous waste, their treatment is very important in view of the great volume of waste materials involved. In this review article, an update is provided for most of the waste treatment techniques (composting, pyrolysis, gasification, combustion) used to alter the physical, chemical or biological character of the waste, to reduce its volume and/or toxicity and to make the waste safer for disposal. Furthermore, all current and potential uses of treated corn and rice waste such as fertilisers, biomass and biogas/biofuel are summarised. Four comprehensive tables and six figures provide a thorough presentation of both waste treatment methods (characteristics, advantages and disadvantages) and uses of treated corn and rice waste.     

Optimization of Lactic Acid Production by Lactobacillus delbrueckii through Response Surface Methodology

ABSTRACT: This article describes the optimization through response surface methodology of a low-cost medium based on Corn Steep Liquor (CSL) for lactic acid production by Lactobacillu delbrueckii NRRL B445. The effect of the fermentation time was also considered. A maximum lactic acid concentration (93.4 g/L) was predicted using 15 g of CSL/L and 6 g of yeast extract/L at a fermentation time of 80.1 h. However, the maximum productivity (3.50 g/L/h) was predicted by using 15 g of CSL/L, 6 g of yeast extract/L, and 8.9 g of peptone/L after 24 h. From an economical perspective, better results were obtained using 15 g of CSL/L, 6 g of yeast extract/L, and 8.9 g of peptone/L after 24 h. From an economical perspective, better results were obtained using 15 g of CSL/L alone and 24 h, achieving a maximum economical productivity of 229.7 g of lactic acid per hour and considerable savings in nutrients.     

INFLUENCE OF WATER ACTIVITY ON THE ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF BREAKFAST CEREALS

Corn and wheat bran flakes were compressed in a plastic cylinder and the generated vibrations were measured by a piezoelectric accelerometer. Amplitude–time records were thoroughly analyzed and the total acoustic energy in arbitrary units, number of acoustic events and energy of a single acoustic event were calculated. Relationships between the time of compression, frequency and sound intensity are presented as acoustograms. All parameters, except the energy of a single acoustic event, were strongly dependent on water activity (A_w). The flakes differed essentially in their ability to propagate vibrations. At low A_w's, both types of flakes were alike, but at higher A_w's, corn flakes damped high‐frequency waves while wheat bran flakes did not show this property.     

玉米精炼油和色拉油生产新工艺的研究

介绍了一种玉米油精炼新工艺。在温度高于 170℃用活性炭在真空设备内对玉米油进行脱水、脱色、脱臭处理 ,产品质量优于相关标准。     

IGNITION DELAY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME TURKISH VEGETABLE OIL-DIESEL FUEL BLENDS

Vegetable oils have chances to be used in Diesel engines as alternative fuels contributing to the solution of some agricultural, environmental and economical problems. Direct use of them has some technical problem yet but as blended fuels with diesel fuel or esters they have places on the application area. In this paper the effect of the compression ratio on ignition delay is investigated in an ASTM-CER engine working with four different types of vegetable oil of Turkish origin (sunflower, corn, soybean, and olive oil) blended with grade No.2-D diesel fuel at a ratio of 20/80 (v/v) and the results are compared with baseline diesel fuel. Longer ignition delay periods have generally been obtained for blend fuels ranking from olive oil to sunflower oil as compared to diesel fuel.     

夏季生产电解金属锰的措施

高温季节对电解锰的生产是很不利的。生产实践证明，采取一些有效地降低电解槽内温度的措施，夏季生产同样可以收到良好效果。     

Multimodal Homesickness Prevention in Boys Spending 2 Weeks at a Residential Summer Camp.

Homesickness is the distress or impairment caused by an actual or anticipated separation from home. It is characterized by preoccupying thoughts of home and attachment objects. In its severe form, homesickness is subjectively distressing and has clinically significant cognitive, emotional, and behavioral sequelae. This study provided 75 boys who ranged in age from 8 to 16 years and who were 1st-year campers at an overnight summer camp with an inexpensive, multimodal homesickness prevention package. Results suggest that combining environmental information, psychoeducation, social support, explicit coping instruction, caregiver education, practice time away from home, and surrogate caregiver training can reduce homesickness and associated behavior problems. These data support the theory that novelty reduction, attitudinal shifts, preseparation coping enhancement, and supportive social environments diminish the negative emotional intensity of homesickness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

基质负荷对秸秆与污泥厌氧消化微生物群落结构的影响

为明确秸秆污泥厌氧消化体系中微生物群落的结构特征,采用Ⅰllumina HiSeq高通量测序技术,研究在高低两种基质负荷条件下微生物群落结构的变化和多样性,并监测其产气性能.结果表明:高负荷基质条件下（TS 20 g/(L·d)）,平均日产气量为4.1 L;低负荷基质条件下（TS 12 g/(L·d)）,平均日产气量为2.1 L.高负荷基质条件下细菌的相对丰度为91.57%,产甲烷古菌的相对丰度为8.43%;低负荷基质条件下细菌的相对丰度为94.35%,产甲烷古菌的相对丰度为5.65%,高负荷基质条件下产甲烷古菌的丰度比在低负荷基质条件下相对增加了49.2%,表明产甲烷古菌的相对丰度和产气量有一定的正相关性.高负荷基质条件下的前3种优势菌群分别为:相对丰度为51.06%的拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、11.65%的厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、8.25%的广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）.低负荷条件下的前3种优势菌群分别为:相对丰度为50.78%的拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）,7.67%的Cloacimonetes、6.46%的互养菌门（Synergistetes）.两种基质条件下都检测到12种产甲烷菌属,分属氢营养型、甲基营养型、乙酸营养型,说明整个秸秆污泥厌氧消化体系的代谢途径较为丰富,各种微生物群落生长代谢相互依存、相互平衡,具有一定的抗冲击负荷,建立了较为平衡的稳态缓冲体系.