Multimodal Homesickness Prevention in Boys Spending 2 Weeks at a Residential Summer Camp.

Homesickness is the distress or impairment caused by an actual or anticipated separation from home. It is characterized by preoccupying thoughts of home and attachment objects. In its severe form, homesickness is subjectively distressing and has clinically significant cognitive, emotional, and behavioral sequelae. This study provided 75 boys who ranged in age from 8 to 16 years and who were 1st-year campers at an overnight summer camp with an inexpensive, multimodal homesickness prevention package. Results suggest that combining environmental information, psychoeducation, social support, explicit coping instruction, caregiver education, practice time away from home, and surrogate caregiver training can reduce homesickness and associated behavior problems. These data support the theory that novelty reduction, attitudinal shifts, preseparation coping enhancement, and supportive social environments diminish the negative emotional intensity of homesickness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

基质负荷对秸秆与污泥厌氧消化微生物群落结构的影响

为明确秸秆污泥厌氧消化体系中微生物群落的结构特征,采用Ⅰllumina HiSeq高通量测序技术,研究在高低两种基质负荷条件下微生物群落结构的变化和多样性,并监测其产气性能.结果表明:高负荷基质条件下（TS 20 g/(L·d)）,平均日产气量为4.1 L;低负荷基质条件下（TS 12 g/(L·d)）,平均日产气量为2.1 L.高负荷基质条件下细菌的相对丰度为91.57%,产甲烷古菌的相对丰度为8.43%;低负荷基质条件下细菌的相对丰度为94.35%,产甲烷古菌的相对丰度为5.65%,高负荷基质条件下产甲烷古菌的丰度比在低负荷基质条件下相对增加了49.2%,表明产甲烷古菌的相对丰度和产气量有一定的正相关性.高负荷基质条件下的前3种优势菌群分别为:相对丰度为51.06%的拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、11.65%的厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、8.25%的广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）.低负荷条件下的前3种优势菌群分别为:相对丰度为50.78%的拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）,7.67%的Cloacimonetes、6.46%的互养菌门（Synergistetes）.两种基质条件下都检测到12种产甲烷菌属,分属氢营养型、甲基营养型、乙酸营养型,说明整个秸秆污泥厌氧消化体系的代谢途径较为丰富,各种微生物群落生长代谢相互依存、相互平衡,具有一定的抗冲击负荷,建立了较为平衡的稳态缓冲体系.     

多酚与玉米淀粉相互作用研究

多酚能够与淀粉发生相互作用,从而对淀粉特性产生影响。研究了7种常见食源多酚(原花青素单聚体、儿茶素、咖啡酸、单宁酸、没食子酸、绿原酸和阿魏酸)与高直链和蜡质玉米淀粉的相互作用。粒径分析结果表明,7种多酚主要与直链淀粉发生显著相互作用,能使高直链玉米淀粉的粒径增大,但对蜡质玉米淀粉粒径则有不同影响,其中,咖啡酸和绿原酸能减小它的平均粒径;淀粉-碘结合力分析结果表明,7种多酚均减小了两种淀粉溶液的淀粉-碘结合力,其中咖啡酸和阿魏酸对高直链玉米淀粉影响最为显著,咖啡酸和绿原酸对蜡质玉米淀粉影响较显著;红外分析结果表明,7种多酚能与两种玉米淀粉通过非共价键发生相互作用,其中阿魏酸、咖啡酸和绿原酸与直链淀粉作用最强;X-射线衍射结果表明,除原花青素和单宁酸外,其他多酚均能与高直链玉米淀粉形成V型复合物,但能与蜡质玉米淀粉形成V型复合物的只有阿魏酸。总体来说,多酚可通过非共价作用与淀粉分子结合,形成分子间或者分子内复合物。     

黄腐酸有机肥不同用量对夏玉米的增产效果研究

黄腐酸有机肥是秸秆为原料,经过专利技术加工生成的天然有机肥料,富含各种矿质营养元素。本试验通过研究黄腐酸有机肥对河南驻马店和新乡2个试验点玉米产量和成产因素的影响,找出黄腐酸有机肥的最佳施用量和施用方法。试验结果表明:施用黄腐酸有机肥对夏玉米增产效果显著,并且随黄腐酸有机肥使用量的增加,夏玉米产量相应增加。综合2个试验点结果,以处理5和处理8为最佳,如果考虑肥料成本,则以处理5效果最佳,即每亩地基施4 kg氮肥、6 kg磷肥、6 kg钾肥、15 kg克黄腐酸有机肥,后期每亩追施4 kg氮肥和15 kg黄腐酸有机肥。对2个试验点影响玉米产量因素的分析结果一致表明:影响玉米产量因素主要表现在穗粒数和百粒重上,穗长、穗粗变化不大。此外,处理6减产,穗粒数减少,百粒重减少或不变,这与化肥中的氮肥用量减少有关,说明氮肥是对玉米产量影响较大的营养元素。     

采光中庭隔热措施优化的试验研究

由于自然采光,温室效应和烟囱效应的生态属性在节能方面有较强优势,采光中庭已在公共建筑中得到广泛应用,但若设计不合理会大大增加建筑能耗。通过采光中庭的现场测试和模型试验研究,并根据夏热冬冷地区的气候特征,提出适合夏热冬冷地区采光中庭隔热措施优化选择的建议。     

生物质颗粒燃料致密化成形典型设备的比较

对玉米秸秆和木屑两种生物质致密成形方式进行比较,分析各自的优缺点;结合压制颗粒的实际经验,总结生物质颗粒压制过程中,随着物料的不同,采用的生产工艺和成形设备结构相应变化的基本规律。为生物质颗粒生产提供帮助。     

极区中层夏季回波与偶发E层关系的初步研究

极区中层夏季回波(PMSE,Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes)是发生在当地夏季极区中层顶附近的一种异常强大的雷达回波.利用电离层测高仪观测到的频高图来确定极区中层夏季回波偶发E层(PMSE-Es,Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes-Sporadic E)PMSE-E...     

A lysimeter study of nitrate leaching, optimum fertilisation rate and growth responses of corn (Zea mays L.) following soil amendment with water-saving super-absorbent polymer

BACKGROUND: Nitrate leaching and the resulting groundwater contamination from intensive cereal production has become a major concern for long‐term farmland efficiency and environmental sustainability in northern China. The aim of this study was to evaluate a water‐saving super‐absorbent polymer (SAP) for minimising NO₃^? leaching from soil and optimising corn growth and yield. Thirty‐six undisturbed soil lysimeters were installed in a field lysimeter facility in drought‐affected northern China to study the growth and yield characteristics of summer corn (Zea mays L.) as well as the amount of NO₃–leaching losses under different fertiliser (standard, medium or 75% and low, or 50% of conventional fertilisation rate) and SAP (control, 0; level‐1, 15 kg ha^?1 and level‐2, 30 kg ha^?1) treatments. RESULTS: Corn yield fell by 19.7% under medium and 37.7% under low fertilisation; the application of SAP increased yield significantly by 44.4% on level‐1 and 80.3% on level‐2. Similarly, plant height, leaf area, number of grains as well as protein, soluble sugar and starch contents in the grain also increased with SAP treatment. Application of SAP at 30 kg ha^?1 plus half of conventional fertilisation can reduce maximum (64.1%) nitrate leaching losses from soil. CONCLUSIONS: Application of SAP at 30 kg ha^?1 plus only half the amount of conventional fertiliser rate (150 kg urea, and 50 kg each of superphosphate and potassium sulfate) would be a more appropriate practice both for minimising nitrate leaching and sustainable corn production under the arid and semiarid conditions of northern China. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of wet corn distillers grains with solubles ensiled in combination with whole plant corn

BACKGROUND: Wet corn distillers grains with solubles (WDG) are prone to aerobic spoilage when stored for an extended period of time. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of ensiling WDG with whole plant corn (WPC) using the following combinations: (1) 100% WPC; (2) 75% WPC + 25% WDG; (3) 50% WPC + 50% WDG; and (4) 100% WDG. RESULTS: The initial pH was greatest for 100% WPC and lowest for 100% WDG (5.7, 4.6, 4.0, and 3.1, respectively). Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (12.0, 26.8, 40.7, and 50.8 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM)) and Crude protein (CP) (98.7, 155.8, 206.8, and 307.9 g kg^?1 of DM) increased with increasing concentrations of WDG. Lactic acid concentration prior to ensiling was greatest for 100% WDG (9.0 g kg^?1 DM) and decreased with WPC in the silage. Acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were not present prior to ensiling. The pH of the ensiled feeds dropped below 4.0 by day 3, with no further decrease over time. Acetic acid increased from undetected amounts at day 0 to 38.8, 43.9, 43.2, and 2.2 g kg^?1 of DM at day 129 as concentration of WDG increased. Aerobic stability was enhanced with increasing WDG concentration in the silage. CONCLUSION: Fermentation, nutrient profile, and aerobic stability can be improved when ensiling wet distillers grains with whole plant corn. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

夏热冬暖地区建筑自保温砌块的热工设计研究及建议

选取夏热冬暖地区典型建筑砌块模型,配以不同材料对砌块的传热系数进行计算,得出各种匹配方案下砌块的保温性能,研究了建筑材料导热系数、孔洞排数及孔洞排列方式对砌块传热系数的影响及一般规律,指出了自保温砌块设计时应注意的问题,并提出相应的建议.