玉米中类胡萝卜素的研究进展

玉米中富含以玉米黄素、叶黄素为主的类胡萝卜素,它们具有很强的抗氧化性能,对人体有保健作用,近年来又被发现对预防癌症有一定功效。文章综述了国内外有关玉米中类胡萝卜素相关研究进展,包括类胡萝卜素组成、性质、功能探索及制备研究等。     

夏热冬冷地区居住建筑的节能技术应用研究——浙江省建筑节能示范工程“景上公寓”实践

本文结合浙江省建筑节能示范工程"景上公寓"项目的实践,对夏热冬冷地区居住建筑的节能设计和节能工程实施展开了研究.首先采用PBECA建筑节能计算软件对示范工程进行了节能计算和节能综合评估,得出了示范工程在不同阶段的节能效果对比.而后创新地在同一项目中应用多种外墙节能技术体系并进行了比较研究,对居住建筑65%节能设计标准进行了探索研究,分别在夏季和冬季进行围护结构传热系数的现场检测,还开展了外遮阳系统和太阳能热水系统的试点工作.最后根据示范工程的应用实践,对围护结构节能技术进行了对比分析,对当前节能计算软件存在的问题予以关注,并进一步提出了适合现阶段杭州地区居住建筑围护结构的成套节能技术体系建议.     

直接空冷机组夏季限负荷问题的分析研究

分析了直接空冷机组夏季限负荷问题的原因,结合山西省部分空冷电厂的运行经验与现场试验,提出了在空冷岛布置风向和风速测点、加装尖峰喷雾系统、加装湿式冷却系统等建议,从而保证直接空冷机组夏季安全满发和经济运行。     

Thermal degradation kinetics of aqueous anthocyanins and visual color of purple corn (Zea mays L.) cob

Purple corn cob was the byproduct during the corn processing. Thermal degradation kinetics and Hunter color parameters (a, b, C, h° and ΔE) of aqueous anthocyanins from purple corn cob were studied at selected temperatures (70 °C, 80 °C and 90 °C) at pH 4.0. The results indicated that the thermal degradation of anthocyanin and Hunter color C, a and ΔE parameters followed the first-order reaction kinetics, while Hunter color h° and b parameters followed zero-order reaction kinetics. The calculated values of activation energies (Ea) were 18.3, 35.9, 37.1, 31.6, 34.9 and 30.0 kJ/mol for anthocyanins, C, a, ΔE, h° and b parameters, respectively. The higher Ea indicated that greater temperature sensitivity of visual color as compared to anthocyanins content. The degradation of anthocyanins showed positive correlation with C (R² > 0.909), a (R² > 0.860) and ΔE (R² > 0.940), while the degradation of anthocyanins showed negative correlation with h° (R² > 0.828) and b (R² > 0.735) during heating.

Industrial relevance

Purple corn cob was the byproduct during the corn processing. Purple corn cob is dark purple to almost black color due to its high content of anthocyanins, which makes this byproduct a good source of anthocyanins. In this study, the excellent linear correlation between Hunter color parameters (a, b, C, h° and ΔE) and content of anthocyanins showed that the Hunter color parameters may also be used instead of anthocyanins content during heating. The advantage of using the visual Hunter color parameters may be measured as on-line quality control parameters during thermal processing of food industry.     

玉米花粉多糖的抗菌作用研究

研究了不同浓度玉米花粉多糖对8种病原菌的抑制作用.结果表明,不同浓度多糖溶液的抑菌效果存在极显著差异,30.0 ms/mL 多糖溶液具有明显的抑菌作用.玉米花粉多糖的抑菌作用在不同痛原菌上存在极显著性差异,对沙门氏菌和金黄葡萄球菌具有较强的抑制效果.花粉多糖对细菌的抑制作用强于对真菌的抑制作用.玉米花粉活性多糖具有良好的开发前景.     

微波对蜡玉米淀粉糊流变特性的影响

本文采用微波辐射对蜡玉米淀粉糊进行改性.利用旋转粘度计对微波改性前后蜡玉米淀粉糊的流变特性进行研究,探讨了不同的温度、微波功率和微波时间对蜡玉米淀粉糊流特性的影响规律.结果表明,微波作用对蜡玉米淀粉糊的流变特性有显著影响.蜡玉米淀粉糊为假塑性流体,经微波处理后,由于淀粉的质量浓度变小,粘度下降,致使蜡玉米淀粉糊的流动曲线趋向平直,有向牛顿型流体变化的趋势,且随着微波加热温度的升高、微波功率的增大和时间的延长,变化趋势越明显.     

Low permeability to oxygen of a new barrier film prevents butyric acid bacteria spore formation in farm corn silage

The outgrowth of Clostridium spore-forming bacteria causes late blowing in cheeses. Recently, the role of air diffusion during storage and feed-out and the role of aerobic deterioration has been shown to indirectly favor butyric acid bacteria (BAB) growth and to determine the presence of high concentrations of BAB spores in farm tank milk. A new oxygen barrier (OB) film was tested and compared with conventional polyethylene (ST). The objective was to verify whether the OB film could prevent BAB spore formation in whole-crop corn silage during storage on 2 commercial farms with different potential silage spoilage risks. Two bunkers (farms 1 and 2) were divided into 2 parts along the length so that half the feed-out face would be covered with ST film and the other half with OB film. Plastic net bags with freshly chopped corn were buried in the upper layer and in the central part (CORE) of the bunkers. The silos were opened in summer and fed out at different removal rates (19 vs. 33 cm/d). Herbage at ensiling, silage at unloading, and silage after air exposure (6 and 15 d) were analyzed for pH, nitrate, BAB spores, yeasts, and molds. The BAB spores in herbages at ensiling were 2.84 log₁₀ most probable number (MPN)/g, with no differences between treatments or farms. Nitrate was below the detection limit on farm 1 and exceeded 2,300 mg/kg of fresh matter on farm 2. At unloading, the BAB spores in the ST silage on farm 1 were greater than 5 log₁₀ MPN/g, whereas in the CORE and the OB silages, they were approximately 2 log₁₀ MPN/g. The ST silage had the greatest pH (5.89), the greatest mold count (5.07 log₁₀ cfu/g), and the greatest difference between silage temperature and ambient temperature (dT_{section-ambient}). On farm 2, the ST silage had the greatest concentration of BAB spores (2.19 log₁₀ MPN/g), the greatest pH (4.05), and the least nitrate concentration compared with the CORE and the OB silages. Pooled data on BAB spores collected from aerobically deteriorated samples showed a positive relationship with pH, mold count, and dT_{section-ambient} and a negative relationship with nitrate concentration. A high concentration of BAB spores (>5 log MPN/g) was associated with visible spoilage, high pH values (>5.00), high mold counts (>5 log cfu/g), high dT_{section-ambient}, and nitrate below 1,000 mg/kg of fresh matter. We concluded that the use of a film with reduced oxygen permeability prevented the outgrowth of BAB spores during conservation and feed-out, and it could improve the microbiological quality of corn silage by eliminating the fractions of silage with high BAB spore concentrations.     

Evaluation of nitrogen utilization and the effects of monensin in dairy cows fed brown midrib corn silage

Twenty midlactation Holstein cows (4 ruminally fistulated) averaging 101 ± 34 d in milk and weighing 674 ± 77 kg were used to compare rations with brown midrib corn silage (bm3) to rations with dual-purpose control silage (DP) on N utilization and milk production. The effect of monensin in these rations was also examined. Animals were assigned to one of five 4 × 4 Latin squares with treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial. Cows were fed 1 of 4 treatments during each of the four 28-d periods. Treatments were 1) 0 mg/d monensin and bm3 corn silage, 2) 0 mg/d monensin and DP corn silage, 3) 300 mg/d monensin and bm3 corn silage, and 4) 300 mg/d monensin and DP corn silage. In vitro 30-h neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility was greater for bm3 corn silage (61.0 vs. 49.1 ± 0.62). Dry matter intake (DMI) tended to be greater for cows consuming bm3 corn silage (21.3 vs. 20.2 kg/d). Neither hybrid nor monensin affected milk production, fat, or protein (37.7 kg, 3.60%, or 3.04%). Monensin tended to increase rumen pH (5.89 vs. 5.79 ± 0.07) compared with the control treatment. In addition, bm3 corn silage resulted in a significant decrease in rumen pH (5.72 vs. 5.98 ± 0.07). Supplementing monensin had no effect on molar proportions of acetate, propionate, or butyrate. In contrast, an increase was observed in branched-chain volatile fatty acids. No treatment interactions were observed for rumen pH or molar proportion of propionate but monensin decreased the molar proportion of acetate and increased the molar proportion of butyrate when cattle consumed bm3 silage. Dry matter, N, and acid detergent fiber digestibility were lower for the bm3 ration, whereas NDF digestibility was not different between treatments. There was no effect of hybrid on microbial protein synthesis (1,140 g/d) as estimated by urinary concentration of purine derivatives. Cows consuming bm3 excreted more fecal N than cows consuming DP (38.2 vs. 34.4% N intake); however, based on spot sampling, estimated urinary and manure N were not different between treatments (35.8 and 71.9% N intake). Monensin had no effect on DMI, digestibility of any nutrients, or N metabolism, and there were no hybrid by monensin interactions. Rations including bm3 corn silage tended to increase DMI but did not affect production. The reduction in the digestibility of some nutrients when cows consumed bm3 may have been caused by increased DMI and possible increased digestion in the lower gut. This increase in DMI appeared to also have negatively affected N digestibility but not NDF digestibility. This resulted in a greater amount of N excreted in feces but did not affect total mass of manure N.     

Antioxidant effects of flavonoids used as food additives (purple corn color, enzymatically modified isoquercitrin, and isoquercitrin) on liver carcinogenesis in a rat medium-term bioassay

To clarify the effects of purple corn color, enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ), and isoquercitrin (IQ), registered as natural food additives in Japan, on liver carcinogenesis in vivo, a medium-term bioassay was employed. A total of 100 male F344 rats were divided into 5 groups; groups 1 to 4 were given a single intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg b.w.) on day 1. From weeks 2 to 8, they were administered basal diet purple corn color, EMIQ, or IQ as containing test chemicals at doses of 1.0% (groups 1 and 5), 0.1% (group 2), 0.01% (group 3), or 0% (group 4) (experiments 1, 4, and 5). All rats were subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy at week 3 and were sacrificed at week 8. Purple corn color exerted no significant modifying effects on GST-P positive foci, preneoplastic foci, development in the liver. However, serum of rats treated with purple corn color provided evidence of antioxidant power significantly by potential antioxidant (PAO) test in vivo (experiment 2). And microarray analyses showed purple corn color to induce RNA expression such as P450 (cytochrome) oxidoreductase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and phospholipase A2 (experiment 3). Higher doses of EMIQ or IQ with strong antioxidant power in vivo by PAO test treated groups were correlated with smaller numbers of GST-P positive foci, with Spearman's rank correlation coefficients of P= 0.002 and P= 0.049, respectively (experiments 4 and 5). Therefore, the tested food additives may be effective as antioxidants in vivo and have chemopreventive potential against liver preneoplastic lesion development.     

生物降解材料——玉米醇溶蛋白提取工艺的优化研究

玉米醇溶蛋白膜是一种绿色包装,它具有良好的阻气性、阻油性、保香性、防湿性和防紫外线性.可食性及生物降解薄膜或包装材料的制造能增加它的商业价值,使其在食品、化工、医药和生物降解包装材料等方面有着诱人的应用前景.本研究从玉米蛋白粉中提取醇溶蛋白,并建立了玉米醇溶蛋白提取量的快速检测方法,在单因素的基础上采用中心组合设计方法,确定了玉米醇溶蛋白的最佳提取工艺条件:乙醇浓度80%,提取温度57.9℃,液料比(ml/g)9.25.浸提时间122min.