Evaluation of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for predicting stover quality trait in semi-exotic populations of maize

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis was investigated as a means of predicting quality parameters in semi-exotic maize stover. These parameters included crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Samples of semi-exotic maize stover were collected during three growing seasons (1989, 1990, 1991) from three locations in Catalonia, Spain. Calibration equations were obtained by multiple linear regression of conventional laboratory values on NIRS data from 84 samples and verified with 20 additional samples. Separate NIRS calibration were developed also within year (1989 and 1990, respectively). A Bran + Luebbe InfraAnalyzer model 450 was used for the study. In the multi-year calibration the coefficients of squared multiple correlation (R²) ranged from 0–81 for IVDMD to 0–92 for CP and the standard errors of calibration (SEC) ranged from 0–35 for CP to 1–46 for IVDMD. The study showed that NIRS analysis can be used to evaluate the quality of semi-exotic maize in breeding programmes.     

基于全极化雷达数据反演夏玉米覆盖农田表层土壤含水量

基于RADARSAT-2全极化C波段雷达数据和野外实测数据,建立了不同极化方式的后向散射系数与夏玉米植被含水量的响应关系,获得了山东禹城夏玉米覆盖区域农作物含水量。在此基础上,对＂水—云模型＂的参数进行了修改,从总的极化雷达后向散射中去除了植被影响,获取了土壤组分的后向散射系数,从而能够通过雷达多极化数据得到表层土壤含水量。结果表明：夏玉米植被含水量观测值与VH、VV后向散射系数的相关性均达到显著水平,相关系数分别为0.86和0.79,VH极化优于VV极化;在RADARSAT-2四种极化方式下,VV极化下的＂水—云模型＂理论计算的误差平方和最小,是研究区表层土壤含水量反演的最优极化方式。     

不同耕作措施及玉米生育期对黄壤坡耕地土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

为探讨耕作措施和玉米季对黄壤坡耕地土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,以横坡垄作坡面为研究对象,顺坡垄作坡面为对照,研究野外自然降雨条件下玉米季黄壤坡耕地土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性的变化特征,以期为山地黄壤区土壤抗蚀性研究提供理论依据。结果表明:①不同耕作措施对玉米种植土壤团聚体组成和稳定性影响显著,横坡垄作坡面较顺坡垄作含有更多大粒级团聚体;以(10,0.25]mm水稳性团聚体(WSA_>0.25)、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、结构体破坏率(PAD)、水稳性团聚体分形维数(D)、团聚体稳定性系数(ASI)为指标进行分析,得出横坡垄作坡面土壤团聚体稳定性较顺坡垄作坡面好。②随玉米生育期的推进,土壤大粒级团聚体含量及团聚体稳定性均呈现出显著升高的趋势,且在成熟期达极大值,表明玉米生育期也显著影响土壤团聚体组成及稳定性。③相关性分析得出,团聚体稳定性与根系密度、根表面积、根体积呈极显著正相关关系,根系的发育对增强研究区土壤团聚体稳定性具有重要的贡献。适宜的耕作措施和合理的种植模式均有助于研究区水土流失的有效防控。     

有限供水对玉米干物质积累影响的研究

在东北半干旱地区，研究有限供水对干物质积累及产量性状的影响。分析了不同供水水平对产量及产量性状的影响并建立了各参数的数学模型，研究叶面积在整个生育期内的变化及干物质的积累与生育期内的分配。     

Natural occurrence of Fusarium toxins in peanut,sorghum and maize from Mysore (India)

Peanut, sorghum and maize samples were collected from the wholesale market in Mysore, India, over a period of one year (October 1984 to September 1985). The samples were analysed for the natural occurrence of T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and zearalenone by thin-layer chromatography, dermal toxicity test and gas chromatography. Of the total number of peanut samples analysed, 6.9% were positive for the toxic trichothecene(s) (T-2, up to 38.89 mg kg^?1; DAS, up to 2.03 mg kg^?1); 4.8% of total sorghum samples analysed contained T-2 up to 15 mg kg^?1. Zearalenone was not found in any of the samples tested, and no toxins were detected in any of the maize samples. Samples marketed during winter and summer periods were contaminated with the toxins. All the toxin-positive samples except one peanut sample were found in produce stored for more than a week.     

东北三省玉米生育热量指标与品种熟型分布研究

采用东北三省73个气象站1971～1995年4月上旬至10月下旬的旬平均气温与9～10月逐日最低气温以及玉米分期播种 资料,分析和验证了玉米各发育期的热量指标。种子萌发的生物学下限温度为8℃,萌发至出苗期需≥8℃·d有效积温约 100℃·d,出苗至抽雄所需的≥10℃有效积温与品种的叶片数(熟型)有关;抽雄至成熟期的热量指标以订正后的标准抽雄日至 成熟所需≥10℃活动积温来表示,成熟期用成熟度达到1的日期来表示。本研究以某一品种80％年份正常成熟的标准来确定该 品种的栽培界线。     

Use ofLeucaena leucocephala (Lam. de Wit) leaves as a nitrogen source for crop production

Field and pot trials were conducted to determine optimum management practices for usingLeucaena leucocephala (Lam. de Wit) leaves as a N source for crop production. Field trials with maize showed no benefit from split application of leucaena leaves or from application of fresh as opposed to dried material. Field trials also failed to show any difference between incorporation as opposed to surface application of leucaena leaves. This may be attributed to the low nitrogen response observed. Pot trials however, showed that soil incorporation of leucaena leaves was more effective than surface application in increasing plant dry weight.Leucaena leaves were not as effective as inorganic N in increasing maize grain yield (field trials) or dry matter production (pot trial). Unlike inorganic N, leucaena leaves had a significant residual effect on the succeeding maize crop. In decomposition studies, buried leucaena leaves decomposed more quickly than surface-applied leaves, and fresh leaves decomposed more rapidly than dried leaves.     

离子束生物技术及其在玉米育种中的应用

离子束作为一种新兴诱变源,已广泛应用于各种农作物的诱变育种。离子束生物技术为玉米品种的改良和种质资源的创新开辟了一条新的道路,推动了玉米育种事业的长足发展。本文阐述了离子束的特点、诱变机理以及在玉米育种中的应用。     

玉米胚的营养成分及其控制体重、预防心肌病变作用研究

目的:研究玉米胚的营养成分以及对大、小鼠体重、存活率及心脏病变等生长状况的影响。方法:对玉米胚的营养素、微量元素、氨基酸组成进行了分析;用高脂饲料造成鼠类衰老模型,实验组在高脂饲料中加入10%或15%的玉米胚,以Wistar雄性大鼠和瑞士雄性小鼠的长期或终生喂养,观察对比各组鼠类的体重及月别存活率和平均存活率,并对死亡大鼠作病理检查,统计心肌病变率。结果:玉米胚中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、灰份、水分及膳食纤维含量(%)分别为15.2、11.7、52.5、7.0、1.6和12.0,而且含有丰富的维生素与微量元素,其亚油酸与必需氨基酸含量也很高。实验组与高脂模型组比较,大、小鼠体重与心肌病变率极其显著降低(p<0.01),平均存活率明显升高(p<0.01或p<0.05)。结论:玉米胚具有很高的营养价值,可以控制动物体重,预防心肌病变,提高各年龄段的存活率,是丰富的保健食品资源。     

ZmNRAMP4 Enhances the Tolerance to Aluminum Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana

Aluminum (Al) toxicity causes severe reduction in crop yields in acidic soil. The natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMPs) play an important role in the transport of mineral elements in plants. Recently, OsNrat1 and SbNrat1 were reported specifically to transport trivalent Al ions. In this study, we functionally characterized ZmNRAMP4, a gene previously identified from RNA-Seq data from Al-treated maize roots, in response to Al exposure in maize. ZmNRAMP4 was predominantly expressed in root tips and was specifically induced by Al stress. Yeast cells expressing ZmNRAMP4 were hypersensitive to Al, which was associated with Al accumulation in yeast. Furthermore, overexpression of ZmNRAMP4 in Arabidopsis conferred transgenic plants with a significant increase in Al tolerance. However, expression of ZmNRAMP4, either in yeast or in Arabidopsis, had no effect on the response to cadmium stress. Taken together, these results underlined an internal tolerance mechanism involving ZmNRAMP4 to enhance Al tolerance via cytoplasmic sequestration of Al in maize.