Effects of upstream and downstream slopes and clay content on levee's breaching by overtopping

The present study investigated the effects of clay content and levee's slopes on the breach formation process for levees constructed by both cohesive and non‐cohesive soils. Twelve experiments were carried out and the breach formation of levees was observed by measuring the breach discharge variations and scour topography with time. The initiation of surface erosion was analysed by comparing the estimated bed shear stress and the critical soil shear stress, and the rate of erosion during breaching was estimated by employing the erosion index. The erosion of levees due to overtopping was classified into three regimes of uniform surface erosion, erosion from the toe, and single scour formation. It was found that the upstream levee's slope had negligible effects on the breach process, whereas the downstream slope significantly increased the erosion index. The peak breach discharge increased with increasing downstream slope and it occurred earlier. Experimental results also showed that the peak breach discharge was higher in non‐cohesive levees than the cohesive embankments and it occurred much earlier. Based on dimensional analysis, empirical equations were proposed to predict the breach discharge and the topography of erosion during the breach.     

三叶片垂直轴水轮机自启动性能数值计算

为寻求固定偏角垂直轴水轮机的启动性能规律,应用CFX流体-刚体耦合运动求解方法实现了垂直轴潮流能水轮机自启动过程的瞬态数值模拟,结合静态启动力矩系数的计算结果,分析在不同初始方位角下水轮机的启动时间以及角速度的稳定情况.研究结果表明:对于三叶片固定偏角垂直轴水轮机而言,方位角在60°~130°范围内启动性能较好,但在90°位置静态力矩会出现突降,不利于自启动;方位角在140°~170°范围内启动性能较差,但系统阻尼为0时,在所有位置均能够实现自启动,且启动过程稳定后水轮机转速均达到飞逸转速.     

襟翼长度对翼型水动特性影响

针对日益受到关注的潮流能水轮机中叶轮所用翼型水动力问题,采用CFD数值模拟方法,以NACA0018为基准翼型,对比分析了带襟翼翼型和原始翼型的流场变化,以及襟翼长度对翼型水动特性及表面静压力系数分布的影响。数值计算结果表明:襟翼可以使翼型失速攻角延后,且在达到失速攻角后可比原始翼型对应攻角时的升力系数有所提高;在小攻角下,襟翼对翼型压力分布影响较小,襟翼长度为0.3c(c为翼型弦长)时,压力系数改变最为明显;当攻角接近失速攻角时,襟翼长度为0.2c时,在所研究范围内,翼型水动特性最优;达到失速攻角后,襟翼对翼型流场及静压系数分布影响较大,翼型前缘吸力面低压区范围增大,压力面高压区范围均匀分布,且当襟翼长度为0.2c时翼型水动特性最优,其升力系数较原始翼型升力系数均有较大提升,阻力系数变化不大。     

潮汐河口分类指标与河床演变特征研究

本文在前人关于河口分类研究的基础上,分析了影响河口形态及其演变的主要因素,收集整理了水沙资料相对齐全的29个河口的相关数据及其演变特征,根据潮汐河口水流挟沙率与流速的关系,确定以径、潮流比值α和径、潮流含沙量比值β的组合αβ1/2作为潮汐河口分类指标,并采用投影寻踪动态聚类模型予以论证。在此基础上,应用分类指标α1β/2将潮汐河口分为河口湾型、过渡型和三角洲型三大类,其中,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类进一步各分成三个亚类。随后对不同类型河口的形成条件、水沙运动和河床演变特征进行了初步分析。     

黄河口潮流与泥沙输移过程的数值研究

黄河口的海洋动力输沙能力受径流、潮流和波浪等动力条件的影响,是个十分复杂的问题.本文利用MIKE21模型建立了渤海水域大模型和黄河口水域的小模型,大模型为小模型提供外海边界条件.利用渤海水域验潮站的分潮资料对大模型进行了验证,计算值与实测值符合良好.黄河口水域小模型计算研究了多个人海流路口外水域的潮流过程和潮流输沙能力,计算结果得到黄河口水域新、老口门附近存在三个高流速区,最大潮流速在1.7m/s左右,自渤海湾向莱洲湾的强大沿岸流输沙是黄河口潮流输沙的主要形式,分析计算口外泥沙净通量得到刁口河、原河道和现行清8流路、马新河、北汊流路和十八户流路口外水域向口门两侧10km外和外海的输沙量占利津沙量百分数分别为51.04%、39.27%、29.94%、17.75%、12.96%和7.22%,年均输往外海沙量分别为3.00亿t、2.18亿t、1.66亿t、0.99亿t、0.72亿t和0.40亿t.计算得到的清水沟原河道的潮流输沙能力与多年资料分析结果基本一致.     

河口海岸滩涂围垦工程的潮流数值模拟

采用动边界的平面二维潮流数学模型,以椒江河口为例,在完成了对实测水文资料的验证后,对台州浅滩围垦前后台州湾的潮流进行了模拟计算。研究表明,台州浅滩实施围垦工程后,台州湾潮流特征基本不变,对航道流速无影响,在不改变潮流特性的情况下,可对滩涂资源加以开发利用。     

AN INTEGRATED STUDY OF DIAGENESIS AND DEPOSITIONAL FACIES IN TIDAL SANDSTONES: HAWAZ FORMATION (MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN), MURZUQ BASIN, LIBYA

Studies of the impact of diagenesis on reservoir quality in tidal sandstones can be of great importance in successful hydrocarbon exploration. The study reported here shows that diagenetic alterations and bioturbation have induced considerable deterioration and heterogeneity in the reservoir quality of the sand-dominated tidal deposits of the Middle Ordovician Hawaz Formation in the Muruq Basin, Libya. Comparison is made between the diagenetic evolution of samples from the subsurface (present-day depth 1500 m) and from surface outcrops in order to study the impact of burial and uplift on the spatial and temporal distribution of reservoir quality in the Hawaz Formation sandstones.
Eogenetic alterations, which were mediated by meteoric water circulation, included kaolinitization and dissolution of framework silicates and mechanical compaction. Mesogenetic alterations (T > 70°C; depth > 2 km) included pressure dissolution of quartz grains and concomitant quartz cementation, conversion of kaolinite into dickite, illitization of kaolinite and of grain-coating clays, and the precipitation of Mg-rich siderite cement. Reduction of intergranular porosity was due more to compaction than to cementation, yet quartz overgrowths are up to 16% in some of the sandstones. Bioturbation has resulted in a greater reduction in sandstone permeability in the lower part of the formation than the upper part. A higher ratio of dickite to kaolinite in subsurface samples than in outcrop samples is attributed to the longer residence time of the former sandstones under mesogenetic conditions. Telodiagenesis has not resulted in enhancement of reservoir quality of the Hawaz Formation Sandstones but in pseudomorphic calcitization of siderite and oxidation of pyrite to goethite.
This study shows that the reservoir-quality evolution of tidal sandstones can best be elucidated when linked to depositional facies and distribution of diagenetic alterations.     

齐鲁石化电网稳态分析

对化工变电站投运后齐鲁石化电网的稳定性进行计算分析,为改善电网结构、保障电网安全运行、合理地安排调度方式提供技术依据。通过计算所选方案满足了电网的运行要求,达到了预期的效果。     

浅谈复杂潮间带物探测量施工方法

复杂潮间带区域地震勘探施工难度大、技术要求高。沙特S49过渡带勘探项目测量导航人员总结出了一套利用卫片、精细勘探、灵活定位、潮间信息、合理布设测量标识的作业方法,解决了复杂潮间带测量施工的难题。     

强潮河口拦门沙航道回淤及治理措施

针对瓯江口边界地形复杂、岛屿众多、口门以上河段存在高含沙量浑浊带以及底沙级配分布宽的特点，分析了强潮河口拦门沙演变规律及成因，应用波浪与潮流共同作用下的二维泥沙数学模型，研究拦门沙航道开挖后的回淤及治理措施。数学模型中引进前期含沙量的概念，得到了潮流挟沙能力公式，给出了波浪作用下浮泥引起航槽回淤的模拟方法。在瓯江口潮流与含沙量验证基础上，进行了拦门沙航槽开挖后悬沙、底沙与浮泥引起航槽回淤的验证计算，计算的淤积厚度及沿航线分布趋势与实测值比较接近。在此基础上，研究了瓯江口拦门沙航道治理原则、措施及工程对水动力泥沙环境的影响。