基于高斯函数与正则化法的复杂温度场图像重建算法研究

针对高斯函数温度场重建算法在复杂温度场图像重建中精度较低问题，提出一种基于高斯函数级数与正则化方法相结合的复杂温度场重建算法，通过在温度场重建中加入火焰先验信息，实现在较少测量数据下炉内复杂温度场的重建。仿真结果表明，该算法比高斯函数温度场重建算法具有较高精度和抗干扰能力，而重建速度相当，可望将该算法用于电站锅炉炉膛的二维温度场重建。     

关于CBP算法的一种新型滤波函数和它的性质

用卷积反投影(CBP)算法作CT重建,滤波函数是关键.本文建议一种新型滤波函数,给出了用它作CT重建的误差估计,分析了该滤波函数的时频特性,并用来作局部重建.模拟和实测数据的数字实验表明其在保证空间分辨率的同时能较好地克服Gibbs效应.     

Computerized detection and segmentation of mitochondria on electron microscope images

Mitochondrial function plays an important role in the regulation of cellular life and death, including disease states. Disturbance in mitochondrial function and distribution can be accompanied by significant morphological alterations. Electron microscopy tomography (EMT) is a powerful technique to study the 3D structure of mitochondria, but the automatic detection and segmentation of mitochondria in EMT volumes has been challenging due to the presence of subcellular structures and imaging artifacts. Therefore, the interpretation, measurement and analysis of mitochondrial distribution and features have been time consuming, and development of specialized software tools is very important for high-throughput analyses needed to expedite the myriad studies on cellular events. Typically, mitochondrial EMT volumes are segmented manually using special software tools. Automatic contour extraction on large images with multiple mitochondria and many other subcellular structures is still an unaddressed problem. The purpose of this work is to develop computer algorithms to detect and segment both fully and partially seen mitochondria on electron microscopy images. The detection method relies on mitochondria's approximately elliptical shape and double membrane boundary. Initial detection results are first refined using active contours. Then, our seed point selection method automatically selects reliable seed points along the contour, and segmentation is finalized by automatically incorporating a live-wire graph search algorithm between these seed points. In our evaluations on four images containing multiple mitochondria, 52 ellipses are detected among which 42 are true and 10 are false detections. After false ellipses are eliminated manually, 14 out of 15 fully seen mitochondria and 4 out of 7 partially seen mitochondria are successfully detected. When compared with the segmentation of a trained reader, 91% Dice similarity coefficient was achieved with an average 4.9 nm boundary error.     

Imaging biofilm in porous media using X-ray computed microtomography

In this study, a new technique for three-dimensional imaging of biofilm within porous media using X-ray computed microtomography is presented. Due to the similarity in X-ray absorption coefficients for the porous media (plastic), biofilm and aqueous phase, an X-ray contrast agent is required to image biofilm within the experimental matrix using X-ray computed tomography. The presented technique utilizes a medical suspension of barium sulphate to differentiate between the aqueous phase and the biofilm. Potassium iodide is added to the suspension to aid in delineation between the biofilm and the experimental porous medium. The iodide readily diffuses into the biofilm while the barium sulphate suspension remains in the aqueous phase. This allows for effective differentiation of the three phases within the experimental systems utilized in this study. The behaviour of the two contrast agents, in particular of the barium sulphate, is addressed by comparing two-dimensional images of biofilm within a pore network obtained by (1) optical visualization and (2) X-ray absorption radiography. We show that the contrast mixture provides contrast between the biofilm, the aqueous-phase and the solid-phase (beads). The imaging method is then applied to two three-dimensional packed-bead columns within which biofilm was grown. Examples of reconstructed images are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the method. Limitations and applications of the technique are discussed. A key benefit, associated with the presented method, is that it captures a substantial amount of information regarding the topology of the pore-scale transport processes. For example, the quantification of changes in porous media effective parameters, such as dispersion or permeability, induced by biofilm growth, is possible using specific upscaling techniques and numerical analysis. We emphasize that the results presented here serve as a first test of this novel approach; issues with accurate segmentation of the images, optimal concentrations of contrast agents and the potential need for use of synchrotron radiation sources need to be addressed before the method can be used for precise quantitative analysis of biofilm geometry in porous media.     

An extension of laser-interferometric CT measurement to unsteady shock waves and 3D flow around a columnar object

The 3D laser-interferometric CT measurement of the unsteady flow field induced by shock wave discharging from a circular nozzle next to a short columnar object in a shock tube experiment is presented as an extension of previous work of 3D measurement of open flow field. The 3D density distribution around the object is reconstructed with FBP (filtered back projection) and MLEM (maximum likelihood expectation maximization) algorithm from the incomplete projection data caused by the obstruction of the observation light for interferometry with an object in a test section. The 3D density-gradient distributions are also evaluated from the resultant 3D density distribution, we demonstrate that laser-interferometric CT measurement of interaction field of shock waves and an object come to sight.     

电容层析成像图像重建的总变差正则化算法

针对电容层析成像（ECT）逆问题解的不适定性,本文提出一种基于总变差（total variation,TV）正则化的图像重建算法。同传统的2范数Tikhonov正则化方法相比,该算法（基于1范数正则化）不仅保证了逆问题求解的稳定性,而且提高了对介质非连续分布的区域成像的分辨能力,具有良好的保边缘性。仿真及实验结果表明,该算法在重建图像质量和重建速度两方面均具有优势。     

Influence of aldehyde fixation on the morphology of endosomes and lysosomes: quantitative analysis and electron tomography

Cryoimmobilization is regarded as the most reliable method to preserve cellular ultrastructure for electron microscopic analysis, because it is both fast (milliseconds) and avoids the use of harmful chemicals on living cells. For immunolabelling studies samples have to be dehydrated by freeze‐substitution and embedded in a resin. Strangely, although most of the lipids are maintained, intracellular membranes such as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and mitochondrial membranes are often poorly contrasted and hardly visible. By contrast, Tokuyasu cryosectioning, based on chemical fixation with aldehydes is the best established and generally most efficient method for localization of proteins by immunogold labelling. Despite the invasive character of the aldehyde fixation, the Tokuyasu method yields a reasonably good ultrastructural preservation in combination with excellent membrane contrast. In some cases, however, dramatic differences in cellular ultrastructure, especially of membranous structures, could be revealed by comparison of the chemical with the cryofixation method. To make use of the advantages of the two different approaches a more general and quantitative knowledge of the influence of aldehyde fixation on ultrastructure is needed. Therefore, we have measured the size and shape of endosomes and lysosomes in high‐pressure frozen and aldehyde‐fixed cells and found that aldehyde fixation causes a significant deformation and reduction of endosomal volume without affecting the membrane length. There was no considerable influence on the lysosomes. Ultrastructural changes caused by aldehyde fixation are most dramatic for endosomes with tubular extensions, as could be visualized with electron tomography. The implications for the interpretation of immunogold localization studies on chemically fixed cells are discussed.     

KSpaceNavigator as a tool for computer-assisted sample tilting in high-resolution imaging, tomography and defect analysis

This article describes a novel software tool, the KSpaceNavigator, which combines sample stage and crystallographic coordinates in a control sphere. It also provides simulated kinematic diffraction spot patterns, Kikuchi line patterns and a unit cell view in real time, thus allowing intuitive and transparent navigation in reciprocal space. By the overlay of experimental data with the simulations and some interactive alignment algorithms, zone axis orientations of the sample can be accessed quickly and with great ease. The software can be configured to work with any double-tilt or tilt–rotation stage and overcomes nonlinearities in existing goniometers by lookup tables. A subroutine for matching the polyhedral shape of a nanoparticle assists with 3D analysis and modeling. The new possibilities are demonstrated with the case of a faceted BaTiO₃ nanoparticle, which is tilted into three low-index zone axes using the piezo-controlled TEAM stage, and with a multiply twinned tetrahedral Ge precipitate in Al, which is tilted into four equivalent zone axes using a conventional double-tilt stage. Applications to other experimental scenarios are also outlined.     

Automatic TEM image alignment by trifocal geometry

Here we propose a novel method for automatic, markerless, feature‐based alignment of TEM images suitable for electron tomography. The proposed method, termed trifocal alignment, is more accurate than the previous markerless methods. The key components developed are: (1) a reliable multi‐resolution algorithm for matching feature points between images; (2) a robust, maximum‐likelihood‐based estimator for determining the geometry of three views – the trifocal constraint – required for validating the correctness of the matches; and (3) a robust, large‐scale optimization framework to compute the alignment parameters from hundreds of thousands of feature point measurements from a few hundred images. The ability to utilize such a large number of measurements successfully compensates for point localization errors. The method was experimentally confirmed with electron tomography tilt series of biological and material sciences samples, consisting of from 40 to 150 images. The results show that, with this feature‐based alignment approach, a level of accuracy comparable with fiducial marker alignment can be achieved.     

电阻层析成像系统全电极模型仿真研究

在电阻层析成像系统中,激励模式和电极数目的设计直接影响到整个系统。为了提高重建图像质量,更好地指导ERT系统设计,对敏感场进行深入的分析是必要的。通过电磁场有限元仿真软件COMSOL,构建ERT的电极模型,通过对空场和离散介质场域的仿真研究,分析了各个因素对敏感场的影响,并对四种典型流型进行了图像重建。仿真实验表明,COMSOL图像重建效果满意,为图像重建的研究提供了新的思路。