Evaluation of methods of measurement of nitrogen in poultry and animal manures

Kjeldahl nitrogen (N), total N and forms of inorganic N (ammoniacal (NH₄)-N, nitrate (NO₃)-N and nitrite (NO₂)-N) were measured in a range of animal manures. The manures include fresh samples of poultry manure, sheep manure, horse manure, dairy slurry and pig slurry and composted poultry manure. Kjeldahl N was measured by standard micro-Kjeldahl digestion. For total N measurements, NO₃-N and NO₂-N were recovered during Kjeldahl digestion by pretreatments with various oxidizing and reducing agents. Inorganic forms of N were measured by extraction with 2M KCl solution.Kjeldahl digestion alone allowed measurement only of organic N and NH₄-N. Amongst various modifications to the Kjeldahl, pretreatment with either acidified (H₂SO₄) Zn-CrK(SO₄)₂ or acidified (H₂SO₄) reduced Fe achieved complete recovery of NO₃-N. Nitrite N was only recovered by first oxidising the NO ₂ ^- to NO ₃ ^- with KMnO₄ followed by reduction to NH₄-N with acidified (H₂SO₄) reduced Fe.More than 95% of the total N in fresh animal manure was present as organic N and NH₄-N which were recovered by the standard Kjeldahl digestion. In the case of fresh manures there was no difference between the amount of total N measured by the Kjeldahl digestion and its modified methods. However composting of poultry manure or drying of poultry manure, pig slurry and dairy slurry resulted in an increase in NO₃-N which was not recovered during Kjeldahl digestion alone. Under these conditions the total N could be measured by pretreating the samples with KMnO₄ and reduced Fe prior to Kjeldahl digestion.Drying of animal manures caused a decrease in organic N and NH₄-N, especially in poultry, pig and dairy manures. There was a slight increase in NO₃-N; but most of the decrease in N content with drying was attributed to the volatilization loss of ammonia (NH₃). Amongst various drying methods examined air drying caused maximum loss of N as NH₃ whereas freeze drying caused minimum loss of N. This suggests that fresh animal manures can be freeze dried for analysis of N which causes minimum loss of N.     

球窝型动态混合器结构和机理的研究

介绍研制的题示混合器结构及其混合机理。在分析球窝流场各节点速度分布的基础上,用加权平均总应变和分流混合度作为评定指标,对球窝型混合器的混合行为进行分析。通过对比实验证明球窝型混合器对于高粘流体具有良好的混合功效。     

185nmUV降解水中4-CP、4-NP和RhB的研究

本文以对氯苯酚（4-cP）、对硝基苯酚（4-NP）和罗丹明B（RhB）为模型有机物（以4-CP和4-NP为小分子模型有机物，以RhB为大分子模型有机物），分别研究了185nmUV对水中这3种模型有机物的降解规律、性能和效果．研究结果表明，185nmUV直接对水中4-CP、4-NP和RhB有很好的降解效果．研究内容包括：185nmUV降解模型有机物的浓度、TOC（Totalorganic carbon）浓度、185nmUV降解模型有机物过程中溶液pH及电导率变化、以及降解模型有机物过程中产生的无机离子等几个方面．     

一种适用于地衣总DNA提取的改进方法

目的：针对地衣初生、次生代谢产物丰富的特点,提出了一种适于地衣总DNA的提取方法。方法：应用改良的CTAB法,对3种常见地衣进行了总DNA提取,经过琼脂糖电泳、紫外吸收分析DNA质量。结果：3个样本DNA的A260/A280值均在1.8～2.0之间,琼脂糖电泳图像清晰。结论：改良的CTAB法简便、省时、价廉,适合于地衣总DNA的提取,获得的DNA含量高,纯度好。     

各向异性特异材料界面的反常折射与反射性质

根据电磁场边界条件和色散关系,理论研究了电磁波从各向同性右手材料向各向异性特异材料入射时的反常折射与反射性质,结果表明,从各向同性右手材料向never cutoff型特异材料入射时,透射波的波矢和坡印廷矢量的反射角具有相反的符号,折射角的幅度随着入射角的增大而增大并趋于一定值;研究了磁导率张量参数对折射角的影响,对于anti-cutoff型特异材料界面,当入射角小于临界角θc时可以发生反常的全反射,而对于always cutoff型特异材料界面总会发生全向全反射。这些电磁性质将在部分聚焦与全向反射镜方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

一种基于全变分模型的图像修复改进算法

为了恢复图像中划痕、文字等小目标去除后丢失的相关信息,对全变分(TV)模型及其自适应算法进行了分析和改进。在Chan提出的图像修复原则的基础上给出了两个阈值参数,对原有算法中的权值系数进行了改进。仿真实验结果表明,本文算法在保证原有算法修复效果的同时能够有效地提高运算速度,取得了较好的实际效果。     

培养基成分和培养条件对黄芪愈伤组织中黄芪皂苷积累的影响

对提高黄芪愈伤组织中黄芪皂苷含量的人工调节技术进行了研究。生长在6,7-V基本培养基上的黄芪愈伤组织中黄芪皂苷含量比MS培养基上的高,而且光照比黑暗更有利于黄芪皂苷合成。调整6,7-V培养基中氨态氮和硝态碳的比例为1∶1(氮源总浓度为60 mmol.L-1)、KH2PO4浓度为1.5 mmol.L-1、CaCl2浓度为8.97 mmol.L-1时比较适合黄芪皂苷的积累。以蔗糖为碳源比葡萄糖和麦芽糖更有利于皂苷的积累。通过调节培养基成分和培养条件是改变黄芪细胞中黄芪皂苷积累趋势的一个重要手段。     

Cemented backfill technology based on phosphorous gypsum

Physical-chemical properties of phosphorous gypsum, proportion and cemented mechanism of slurry with gypsum as aggregate were studied to remove the harms of gypsum pile, combining with difficult problems of excessive mined-out gobs, enormous ore body under roadway and low recovery ratio of Yongshaba Mine, Kaiyang Phosphor Mine Group, Guizhou Province, China. An appropriate backfill system and craftwork were designed, using shattering milling method to crush gypsum, double-axles mixing and strong activation mixing way to mix slurry, cemented slurry and mullock backfill alternately process. The results show that gypsum is fit for backfilling afterwards by adding fly ash, though it is not an ideal aggregate for fine granule and coagulate retardation. The suggested dosage (the mass ratio of cement to fly ash to gypsum) is 1:1:6–1:1:8 with mass fraction of solid materials 60%–63%. Slurry is transported in suspend state with non-plastic strength, and then in concretion state after backfilling. The application to mine shows the technology is feasible, and gypsum utilization ratio is up to 100%. Transportation and backfill effect is very good for paste-like slurry and drenching cemented slurry into mullock, and the compressive strength and recovery ratio are 2.0 MPa and 82.6%, respectively, with the maximum subsidence of surface only 1.307 mm. Furthermore, the investment of system is about 7×10⁶ yuan (RMB), only 1/10 of that of traditional paste backfill system. Foundation item: Project (2006BAB02A03) supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program; Project (08MX16) supported by Mittal Scientific and Technological Innovation Projects of Central South University during 2008     

技术进步对提高电力企业效率贡献的研究

阐述了全要素生产率理论和技术进步的关系,并通过对某电厂10多年中各个阶段全要素生产率的实证计算和分析,说明了技术进步对电力企业效率的提高有着巨大贡献．     

发动机润滑油理化指标与介电常数关系分析

通过实验检测电容传感器电容值的变化,验证了润滑油中水含量、铁含量和总酸值的变化量与润滑油介电常数增值之间的数量关系。结果表明:随着润滑油含水、总酸值、含铁的增加,润滑油介电常数变化趋势一致;对润滑油介电常数变化影响最大的是含水量;用介电常数作为评价润滑油衰变程度的综合指标在理论上是可行的。