黄河多泥沙河段扩散系数的示踪实验研究

扩散系数的确定是河流水质模拟与预测的一项重要内容。为确定黄河多泥沙河段横向混合系数和纵向离散系数,在黄河孟津段进行了现场扩散示踪实验。实验选择不被泥沙吸附、在黄河本底浓度值低、测定方法成熟的重铬酸钠作为示踪剂,示踪剂采用岸边有限时段恒速连续方式投放。示踪剂在混合区的混合输移规律用稳态二维Taylor扩散方程定量描述,扩散方程中的扩散系数用有限差分法求解。根据示踪实验获得的实测数据,计算求得横向混合系数值为0．32m^2／s、纵向离散系数值为40m^2／s。用求得的扩散系数值进行示踪剂扩散输移模拟计算,其模拟计算值与实测值相比较的最大相对误差为27．2％。结果表明本次示踪实验是成功的,由示踪实验确定的扩散系数值是可靠的。考虑本河段水力学情况,选择式E=αHu,作为由水力学参数直接推导扩散系数的经验公式,并且根据示踪实验的实测数据进行计算,得到实验河段的无因次横向混合系数αx值为3．61、无因次纵向离散系数αx值为451．25。     

Development of image processing based system to study yarn structure during extension

The present study describes design and development and use of an image processing system to characterize and visualize the configuration of fibers in yarn in extended mode. An especially dedicated instrument and software for data acquisition and analysis are the unique features of the system. It is capable of grabbing the images of extended yarn in two orthogonal planes. The software can acquire data from these two orthogonal planes. The three‐dimensional trajectory of whole length of different colored tracer fibers can be plotted and can be viewed at different angles. The image processing system along with multi‐colored tracer fiber technique has been used for quantitative analysis of changes in the internal structure of ring yarn on extension.     

Numerical study on mixing performance of screw elements in intermeshing counter-rotating and co-rotating twin-screw extrudes

The flow process of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride(U-PVC)through the mixing zone of intermeshing counter-rotating and co-rotating twin-screw extruders(TSEs)were numerically simulated by the finite element method.Three-dimensional isothermal flow field of U-PVC in two kinds of TSE was calculated.The mixing performance of the screw elements of the extruders was statistically analyzed by particle tracking method.The dispersive mixing performance was characterized by the mixing index,the logarithm of stretching,and the segregation scale.The distributive mixing performance was characterized by the resident time distribution.The results indicate that the counterrotating TSE can build higher pressure and generate higher axial velocity and shear rate,whereas the co-rotating TSE has better performance in dispersive and distributive mixing.     

示踪剂在牛圈湖区块开发中的应用

文章介绍了示踪剂产出曲线形态特征,对牛圈湖区块示踪剂曲线进行了分析总结,并将示踪剂曲线与储层类型相对应。不同的曲线类型反映了不同的储层,从而有效指导现场调剖。     

Mass balance soil ingestion estimating methods and their application to inhabitants of rural and wilderness areas: A critical review

Quantitative soil ingestion studies employing a mass balance tracer approach have been used to provide a defensible means to estimate soil ingestion for human health risk assessments. Past studies have focused on soil ingestion in populations living in urban/suburban environments. There is a paucity of reliable quantitative soil ingestion data to support human health risk assessments of other lifestyles that may be predisposed to ingesting soil, such as agricultural workers or indigenous populations following traditional lifestyles. The results of a preliminary analysis of sampling and analytical variability that would result from assessing activities typical of populations in rural or wilderness areas and conducted over wide areas show that approximately 225 subject days would be required to detect a difference of 20 mg/d in soil ingestion. Given the typically small populations in these areas, future soil ingestion studies should be focused on specific activities with a high potential for soil ingestion.     

用高速摄影粒子示踪装置研究柴油机燃烧室内空气运动

本文介绍了一套测量直喷式柴油机燃烧室内空气运动的高速摄影粒子示踪装置,并对粒子示踪法测量燃烧室内气流运动进行了理论分析。还利用该装置测量了燃烧室布置及结构、压缩比等因素对气流运动的影响。     

Research of Temperature Tracer Method to Detect Tubular Leakage Passage in Earth-Dam

The location, intensity and scope of concentrated leakage must be determined in order to repair earth-Dam scoured by the leakage. In this paper, firstly, heat tracer theory and distribution laws of temperature in soil body with leakage are discussed. Then temperature tracer model is established according to stable heat conduction theory. In such model, the concentrated seepage passage is simplified into a circular pipe as a boundary condition. The location, scope and flow-velocity of the concentrated leakage are estimated via ichnography of the lowest temperature based on temperature data from detecting wells by quantitative computation and qualitative analysis. In case study, the distribution characteristic of temperature （including temperature data of water in reservoir, drainage pipes and tail pond） can be interpreted by this model. A modified model is also set up, applied for detected data at different cross-sections of the leakage passage, in which the temperature data are rectified according to distances from data locations to calculating section. Finally, the model is solved by numerical iterative method, and the possible error of this theoretical model is discussed. The permeability coefficient in leakage area is identical with that of normal soil in magnitude after anti-seepage repairing accomplished, which indicates this model is effective.     

Transport processes in the oxidation of Ni studied using tracers in growing NiO scales

Experimental techniques have been developed for determining Ni⁶³ and O¹⁸ tracer distributions in NiO scales ranging in thickness from 0.1 to 100 . These have been used to investigate Ni and O transport in scales on {100} Ni crystals and polycrystalline Ni in the temperature range 500–1300° C. NiO grown on {100} Ni crystals at 1000°C was uniform and compact and grew by the bulk diffusion of Ni in NiO by a vacancy mechanism. At temperatures below 800°C the principal transport mechanism was short-circuit diffusion of Ni in NiO. At all temperatures short-circuit diffusion of oxygen contributed to scale growth on polycrystalline Ni and was responsible for growth of the inner layer of duplex scales. The oxygen diffusion paths are believed to be micro-cracks induced by growth stresses.     

The use of microbial tracers to monitor seasonal variations in effluent retention in a constructed wetland

Effluent retention in a constructed wetland was determined using both microbial and chemical tracers. Seasonal variation in effluent retention was the main focus of the study. The biotracers used in the study were the coliphage MS2, a bacteriophage of Enterobacter cloacae and antibiotic resistant endospores of Bacillus globigii. Two separate tracer runs were conducted, Winter high flow (January 2002) and Summer low flow (June 2002). The three biotracers were evaluated simultaneously on both occasions, with the commonly used chemical tracer, rhodamine WT, a bright red fluorescent dye, being evaluated during the final experiment. The Winter tracer run was conducted during a typical Winter storm, with a mean effluent discharge of 4.1 ls(-1). Tracer recovery was 98% MS2, 91% Ent. cloacae phage and 2% endospore. Effluent retention was estimated at between 2 and 4 h at 90% phage tracer recovery. The Summer tracer run was conducted at a typical site operating discharge rate of 0.8 ls(-1). Tracer recovery was 23% MS2, 36% Ent. cloacae phage, 8% rhodamine and 14% for the endospores. Effluent retention was estimated at between 11 and 18 h at 90% of phage tracer recovery. Initial results are encouraging and indicate bacteriophage to have further potential as tracing agents in wetlands.     

井间示踪测试技术新进展

对油田井间示踪测试技术的发展概况进行简要叙述。分析了各代技术的优缺点;根据油藏动静态描述手段和原理及测试解释技术理论并结合矿场实践进展,对解释方法进行了对比分析,提出了从示踪剂选择到测试解释的优化技术体系;另外,示踪剂技术目前出现了多个分支,尚处于矿场试验阶段。本文给出了部分有关测试成果和解释成果,以及相关的分析和评价。井间示踪测试技术是目前成熟和先进的油藏开发动态测试技术之一,对于解决油田开发过程中面临的实际问题具有重要的实用价值和指导意义,应用前景广阔。