A comprehensive method to find RPO trajectory and incentive scheme for promotion of renewable energy in India with study of impact of RPO on tariff

Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) regime in India started in 2011 with the announcement of benchmark RPO (BRPO) of states for the Financial Year (FY) 2011 by respective State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC), to promote Renewable Energy (RE). The report submitted to Forum of Regulators (FoR) in this regard has recommended uniform rate of increase of BRPO of states and studied the impact of RPO on tariff for FY 2011–2015. However, more rigorous analysis is needed for fixing BRPO in a scientific manner and for fair allocation of incentives to promote RE. This paper attempts to evaluate all states on a common platform to find BRPO, giving due weightage to the state-wise energy demand and RE generation, ensuring minimum change in BRPO of consecutive years and hence less impact of RPO on tariff. To encourage the states to align their actual RPO with BRPO, a financial incentive scheme is proposed giving due weightage to RE consumption, RE capacity addition and RPO compliance of the states. The methods are illustrated for the Indian states using real system data. A study of RPO's impact on electricity tariff of Indian states is also conducted and reported for FY 2011–2015, considering Renewable Energy Certificate (REC).     

Feed-in tariff design for domestic scale grid-connected PV systems using high resolution household electricity demand data

The advent of large samples of smart metering data allows policymakers to design Feed-in Tariffs which are more targeted and efficient. This paper presents a methodology which uses these data to design FITs for domestic scale grid-connected PV systems in Ireland. A sample of 2551 household electricity demand data collected at 1/2-hourly intervals, electricity output from a 2.82 kW_p PV system over the same time interval as well as PV system costs and electricity tariffs were used to determine the required FIT to make it worthwhile for the households to invest in the PV system. The methodology shows that it is possible to design single, multiple and continuous FITs. Continuous FITs are the most efficient and result in no overcompensation to the housholder while single and multiple FITs are less efficient since they result in different levels of overcompensation. In the PV case study considered, it was shown that the use of three FITs (0.3170, 0.3315 and 0.3475 €/kW h) resulted in a 59.6% reduction in overcompensation compared to a single FIT of 0.3475 €/kW h; assuming immediate and complete uptake of the technology, this would result in NPV savings of over €597 m to the Irish government over a 25 year lifetime.     

Governance structures and their impact on tariff levels of Brazilian water and sanitation corporations

This study analyzes the effect of governance structure on the tariff levels applied by Brazilian corporations of water supply and sanitation. It aims to contribute to the traditional debate of public versus private management, and to determine the effect of regulatory structure on tariff levels. The results first show that, when jointly considered, the water supply and sanitation tariff levels are higher for privately managed corporations. Second, we have found that a corporation regulated by a local agency or a regional agency does not exhibit significantly lower tariff levels than unregulated corporations. Finally, the results indicate that the use of the rate of return and price cap/revenue cap regimes do not provide tariff levels lower than those set via negotiation with the municipality.     

电费回收的全过程管理和风险防范

针对当前电费回收工作中面临的困难,全面分析了电费回收风险产生的原因,提出对电费回收实行全过程管理和控制,并将客户资信评定应用于电费回收管理,从而有效地防范电费风险。     

关税变动的经济效应分析与应用—兼论我国关税结构的调整方向

本文从关税国内经济效应分析入手,进而分析关税变动,尤其是在一定关税水平上削减关税后对国内生产者、消费者和政府关税收入的影响;借助对有效保护理论的分析,阐述我国在关税减让谈判中的策略运用,并就我国关税结构调整应考虑的因素和调整方向作了进一步分析。     

Estimation of the protein content of US imports of milk protein concentrates

Recent declines in milk prices in the United States have sparked renewed concern that imports of milk protein concentrates (MPC) are increasingly entering the United States with very low tariff rates and is having an adverse impact on the US dairy industry. Milk protein concentrates are used in the United States in many different products, including the starter culture of cheese, or in nonstandard cheeses such as baker's cheese, ricotta, Feta and Hispanic cheese, processed cheese foods, and nutritional products. One of the difficult aspects of trying to assess the impact of MPC imports on the US dairy industry is to quantify the protein content of these imports. The protein content of MPC imports typically ranges from 40 to 88%. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology that can be used to estimate the protein content of MPC on a country by country basis. Such an estimate would not only provide information regarding the quantity of protein entering the United States, but would also provide a profile of low- and high-value MPC importers. This is critical for market analysis, since it is the lower valued MPC imports that more directly displaces US-produced skim milk powder.     

基于虚拟电价的电动汽车充放电优化策略

为了实现负荷侧的"削峰填谷"，在用户侧降低充电费用和电池损耗成本，提出了一种基于虚拟电价理论的电动汽车充放电优化策略。利用虚拟电价建立负荷侧的电价模型；利用动态分时电价建立用户侧的充电电价模型，将两个电价模型进行匹配整合，形成完整的电动汽车充放电的优化调度模型。为优化上述模型，确保整个调度的可实施性，在模型中使用BP神经网络和遗传算法进行预测与优化，同时使用小波分析和模糊聚类方法对充放电负荷进行去噪，并划分不同的电价时段，最后使用MATLAB软件对该模型进行了仿真验证。     

新能源及可再生能源投资建设项目财务评价有关问题的思考

以光伏发电、风力发电及水力发电等投资建设项目在财务评价中遇到的问题为出发点,通过实例计算、分析,总结出随着市场经济发展变化,如何合理地利用财务评价计算条件,为企业的项目投资决策以及成本费用的控制更好地服务。同时在分析过程中再次思考财务评价计算各影响因素,对财务现金流有了新的认识和其在财务评价中的重要性,为今后财务评价设计工作的开展开拓了思路。     

IP多媒体子系统在线计费费率功能模块的设计与实现

在3G IMS系统中,在线实时计费是非常重要的一种计费单元,而费率功能模块是该计费系统的核心.由于3G IMS计费系统处理的是多种复杂应用与服务混合的计费内容,所以对费率功能模块的设计与实现提出了较高的要求,并成为当前的研究热点之一.在分析IMS在线计费系统的基础之上,对复杂应用和服务进行了研究,提出了费率功能模块的针...     

A reactive acrylic adhesive for bonding polyolefins

An acrylic adhesive was developed for forming strong, water resistant structural joints with polyolefins. This two-component, lightly crosslinked, methyl methacrylate (MMA) based adhesive consisted of an anaerobic curing system in one part with a copper (II) salt catalyst in the other. Bonds formed with low density polyethylene (LDPE) resulted in substrate failure upon block shear testing throughout the open time of the adhesive (45 min). The interdiffusion of the monomers into the substrates, and their subsequent polymerization was followed using several infrared spectroscopy (IR) techniques. The interphase of mixed LDPE and adhesive was determined to be as thick as 1.7 mm using IR microscopy. It was concluded that the strong adhesion in the aforementioned joints was the result of the interpenetration of the adhesive into the substrates.