An energy pricing scheme for the diffusion of decentralized renewable technology investment in developing countries

The purpose of this paper is to investigate price support for market penetration of renewable energy in developing nations through a decentralized supply process. We integrate the new decentralized energy support: renewable premium tariff, to analyze impacts of tariff incentives on the diffusion of renewable technology in Senegal. Based on photovoltaic and wind technologies and an assessment of renewable energy resources in Senegal, an optimization technique is combined with a cash flow analysis to investigate investment decisions in renewable energy sector. Our findings indicate that this support mechanism could strengthen the sustainable deployment of renewable energy in remote areas of Senegal. Although different payoffs emerged, profits associated with a renewable premium tariff are the highest among the set of existing payoffs. Moreover in analyzing impacts of price incentives on social welfare, we show that price tariffing schemes must be strategically scrutinized in order to minimize welfare loss associated with price incentives. Finally we argue that a sustainable promotion of incentive mechanisms supporting deployment of renewable technology in developing nations should be carried out under reliable institutional structures. The additional advantage of the proposed methodology is its ability to integrate different stakeholders (producers, investors and consumers) in the planning process.     

Examining the financial performance of micro-generation wind projects and the subsidy effect of feed-in tariffs for urban locations in the United Kingdom

This paper seeks to evaluate the effect of the upcoming 2010 UK Feed-in Tariff (UK FIT) on decentralised small wind-energy installations at the household and building level in urban locations. It is projected that the UK FIT will stimulate an unprecedented surge in building-mounted turbine installation. The tariff amount must stimulate incentive but mitigate the likelihood of distortions in the competitive electricity market. To analyse these issues, measured energy output from sites in the Warwick Wind Trials Project (WWTP) is converted into revenue in a net-present-value (NPV) framework for assessing commercial purchases of small wind systems. Variances in project variables are examined through NPV simulations using Monte Carlo analysis to capture permutations of small wind-project performance in the UK—with and without the UK FIT. Our research concludes that the proposed tariff amount of 30.5 p/kWh will not significantly boost the economic attractiveness of mildly selective (WWTP-based) sites in the UK. Furthermore, the fixed-tariff rate (£/kWh generated) could cause inefficiencies applied across uneven wind-resource distribution. The results of this study suggest further examination of policy related to micro-generation, in particular decentralised small wind projects.     

An evaluation of the installation of solar photovoltaic in residential houses in Malaysia: Past,present, and future

This paper examines solar energy development in Malaysia, particularly in relation to the installation of solar Photovoltaic (PV) in residential houses. It analyzes the past activities related to solar energy in Malaysia, in terms of research and developments (R&Ds), the implementations used as well as the national policies for the past 20 years which have pushed the installation of PV in the country. The Feed-In Tariff (FiT) scheme is discussed, showing comparative cost-benefit analysis between the PV installation in houses in the United Kingdom (UK) and Malaysia, and with other investment schemes available in Malaysia. To investigate the awareness of renewable energy policies and incentives, a preliminary survey of the public opinion in Malaysia has been carried out, and an evaluation of public willingness to invest in the FiT scheme by installing the PV on their houses is presented. The cost-benefit analysis shows that the proposed FiT programme is capable of generating good return on investment as compared to the one in the UK, but the return is lower than other investment tools. The survey suggests that most Malaysians are unaware of the government’s incentives and policies towards renewable energies, and are not willing to invest in the FiT scheme.     

我国天然气管道运价定价方法及参数取值探讨

针对我国目前缺乏合理的管道运价定价原则、依据和程序的现状，借鉴国外经验，在我国天然气管道运价设计中引入服务成本定价模式。从我国天然气管道分类入手，提出了管道运价定价方法，并对定价公式中参数的取值进行了分析研究，提出了如下建议：对已建成的长距离输气管道可沿用原有的收费方式或重新测算二部制管输费，对新建的则全面推行二部制；对目前形成的区域性管网仍按距收费，但应适当提高管输费率。     

中国光伏发电的政策和市场

通过对我国能源现状和"十二五"能源规划的分析,结合对世界光伏发电上网电价政策的补贴研究,说明我国要实现十二五能源规划,积极发展非石化能源,特别是发展风电和太阳能光伏发电具有重要意义。为实现我国光伏发电可持续发展,从解决光伏发电电价问题入手,从政策层面提出了具体策略,包括强制上网,全额保障性收购,分类电价,全网分摊等。从国内外总量目标和上网电价相关数据对比,指出在政策推动下,我国光伏市场前景光明。     

位山灌区水价改革实践

位山灌区通过改善供水条件，提高测流精度，采取小步快跑的办法逐步提高水价，初步实行了浮动水价，并加强对水费的计收和使用管理，发挥了水价对水资源的优化配置作用，产生了明显的经济效益和社会效益。     

农村税费改革对引黄灌区农业水费计收的影响与对策

在农村税费改革大背景下，针对引黄灌区实际，客观分析了农村税费改革对农业税费计收的影响，并提出了相应的对策，包括积极推进末级渠系管理体制改革、建立价格补偿机制、推行水费公示制度以及通过加强管理降低供水成本、提高服务水平等。     

实行两部制上网电价的探讨

介绍两部制电价的概念、两部制电价的结算举例和如何在上网电价中实行两部制电价。论证将发电的固定成本和可变成本以容量和电量的方式分开计算,可以进一步完善电价体系,从而调动发电、电网调度等各方面的积极性。     

法国电信资费的制订与策略

一个国家电信资费标准的高低，会对业务量的调节和社会经济的发展产生不同程度的影响，因而其制定原则、审批权限、法律效力、调整因素等，也受到政论和主管部门的高度重视。本文介绍法国电信资费制定和策略的有关民政部。     

英国电力市场的运作

本文介绍了英国国家电网公司的情况和英国电力市场的动作机制。英国电力工业自1990年3月私有化以来，英格兰和威尔士电网已实现了商业化运营。在空上竟争的电力市场中，发电厂采用提前一天报价的方式进行竞争上网，每个调度日有48个结算时段。电网从发电厂购电的价格由系统边际价格确定的电量电价和由失负荷概率及失负荷价值确定的容量电价两部分组成。电网的售电价则由购电价和附加费组成。