福建行洛坑钨矿典型实物标本采集与保管意义初探

行洛坑斑岩型黑白钨(钼)矿位于福建省宁化县,矿床规模属特大型,累计探明储量(WO3)30.43万t,并伴生有钼锡铋及铌钽锂铍铷等多种有益元素。中国地质调查局实物资料中心在福建行洛坑钨矿的6个采样点采集了10块典型系列标本,同时采集了一块大型钨矿石标本,并收集了相关的成果资料。本文在介绍行洛坑钨矿成矿地质背景、矿床成因的基础上,通过不同岩性标本的采集,总结了典型实物标本采集的方法,并对其在实物地质资料中的保管意义进行了初探。     

地下煤火土壤典型重金属分布特征

通过采集乌鲁木齐大泉湖火区土壤样及实验室测定,研究了火区土壤理化性质与重金属Hg,As,Cu,Pb,Cr,Zn,Ni空间分布特征。结果表明:温度正常区土壤温度随采样深度增加的幅度较温度异常区小;温度正常、温度异常区土壤有机质含量随深度的增加均减少,温度正常区I,II,III,IV层土壤有机质含量大于温度异常区相应土层有机质含量;温度异常区土壤层I重金属Cu,Pb,Cr,Zn,Ni含量均小于温度正常区土壤层I相应重金属含量,II层则有增加的趋势并大于温度正常区相应土层重金属含量;温度正常区、温度异常区土壤Hg,As,Cu,Ni重金属含量随深度变化幅度及波动幅度较小,而温度异常区土壤Pb,Cr,Zn重金属含量随深度变化波动幅度较温度正常区大;火区热效应、地形、土壤及气象因子是影响土壤重金属分布的主要原因。土壤典型重金属砷形态分析表明:残留态砷含量最高,水溶态砷含量最低;水溶态砷在火区取样区域内I,II,III,IV土壤层区域富集特征与各层土壤碳酸钙富集特征趋于一致;温度正常区土壤残留态砷、铁形砷含量随深度变化的趋势与土壤碳酸钙含量随深度变化趋势一致;温度异常区残留态砷含量随深度增加波动趋势与土壤有机质含量波动趋势有较强关联性;温度正常区、温度异常区均值水溶态砷含量基本稳定,表明其与温度、土壤特性等无明显相关性。     

建筑能耗模拟典型年中气象参数权重的确定

在建筑能耗模拟用典型年的生成中,传统的Finkelstein-Schafer统计方法对气象参数赋予了固定的权重因子,但有关研究表明,由于地域间气象资源不同,气象参数权重因子的固化有待商榷。针对挑选典型年时气象参数权重因子统一与否对典型年挑选结果和建筑能耗模拟准确性的影响问题,选同一建筑热工分区中寒冷地区的代表城市北京和拉萨,分别使用FS方法和主成分法进行了典型年的挑选,并对典型公共建筑建模进行了能耗模拟分析。结果表明:FS统计方法适于表征单独气象参数的长期相似性,但存在对太阳辐射参数权重赋予过大的问题,适用于太阳能丰富地区;而主成分法适合寻求当地气象资源的本质特征,使用主成分法时对气象参数的选择尤为重要。     

Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) encompass an array of anthropogenic organic and elemental substances and their degradation and metabolic byproducts that have been found in the tissues of exposed animals, especially POPs categorized as organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). OHCs have been of concern in the circumpolar arctic for decades. For example, as a consequence of bioaccumulation and in some cases biomagnification of legacy (e.g., chlorinated PCBs, DDTs and CHLs) and emerging (e.g., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) found in Arctic biota and humans. Of high concern are the potential biological effects of these contaminants in exposed Arctic wildlife and fish. As concluded in the last review in 2004 for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) on the effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife, prior to 1997, biological effects data were minimal and insufficient at any level of biological organization. The present review summarizes recent studies on biological effects in relation to OHC exposure, and attempts to assess known tissue/body compartment concentration data in the context of possible threshold levels of effects to evaluate the risks. This review concentrates mainly on post-2002, new OHC effects data in Arctic wildlife and fish, and is largely based on recently available effects data for populations of several top trophic level species, including seabirds (e.g., glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), polar (Arctic) fox (Vulpes lagopus), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), as well as semi-captive studies on sled dogs (Canis familiaris). Regardless, there remains a dearth of data on true contaminant exposure, cause-effect relationships with respect to these contaminant exposures in Arctic wildlife and fish. Indications of exposure effects are largely based on correlations between biomarker endpoints (e.g., biochemical processes related to the immune and endocrine system, pathological changes in tissues and reproduction and development) and tissue residue levels of OHCs (e.g., PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs and in a few cases perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs)). Some exceptions include semi-field studies on comparative contaminant effects of control and exposed cohorts of captive Greenland sled dogs, and performance studies mimicking environmentally relevant PCB concentrations in Arctic charr. Recent tissue concentrations in several arctic marine mammal species and populations exceed a general threshold level of concern of 1 part-per-million (ppm), but a clear evidence of a POP/OHC-related stress in these populations remains to be confirmed. There remains minimal evidence that OHCs are having widespread effects on the health of Arctic organisms, with the possible exception of East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls. However, the true (if any real) effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife have to be put into the context of other environmental, ecological and physiological stressors (both anthropogenic and natural) that render an overall complex picture. For instance, seasonal changes in food intake and corresponding cycles of fattening and emaciation seen in Arctic animals can modify contaminant tissue distribution and toxicokinetics (contaminant deposition, metabolism and depuration). Also, other factors, including impact of climate change (seasonal ice and temperature changes, and connection to food web changes, nutrition, etc. in exposed biota), disease, species invasion and the connection to disease resistance will impact toxicant exposure. Overall, further research and better understanding of POP/OHC impact on animal performance in Arctic biota are recommended. Regardless, it could be argued that Arctic wildlife and fish at the highest potential risk of POP/OHC exposure and mediated effects are East Greenland, Svalbard and (West and South) Hudson Bay polar bears, Alaskan and Northern Norway killer whales, several species of gulls and other seabirds from the Svalbard area, Northern Norway, East Greenland, the Kara Sea and/or the Canadian central high Arctic, East Greenland ringed seal and a few populations of Arctic charr and Greenland shark.     

Photocatalytic reaction intensification using monolithic supports designed by stereolithography

An original photocatalytic reactor for the treatment of polluted air is designed. The titanium dioxide is supported on various supports that consist in photopolymers and are built using the stereolithography technique and placed in a glass tube illuminated from the outside, while the air containing the pollutant to be removed flows through the glass tube and the photocatalyst support. It is shown that the gas–solid mass transfer plays a role only at the very smallest gas velocities investigated. The global depollution kinetics are then determined for the different geometrical forms of the photocatalyst support and the efficiency of the forms compared.     

预氯化去除饮用水水源中高浓度氨氮等污染因子的应急处理研究

从水污染应急的角度,进行了氨氮的应急处理研究.氨氮去除采用常规工艺与预氯化为主要预氧化工艺比较试验.结果表明,常规的混凝,沉淀工艺对氨氮的去除作用有限,其主要作用仅为去除水中的致浊物质及部分有机物.在投加次氯酸钠作为预氧化药剂之后,发现其具有较好的去除氨氮的效果,当原水氨氮的质量浓度在1.0mg·L~(-1)左右时,次氯酸钠投加量为8.4mg·L~(-1),能够高效地去除氨氮,沉后水氨氮质量浓度为0.292mg·L~(-1)(达到国家一级水源水质标准),去除率为68.78%,UV_(254)也有32.26%的去除率;如同时需要更高的UV_(254)的去除率,则可选用次氯酸钠9.6mg·L~(-1)的投加量,此时氨氮的去除率为87.20%,水源水的氨氮质量浓度在0.123 mg·L~(-1)的水平,同时UV_(254)的去除率可以达到45.16%,从而控制THMs和THMFP这些毒副产物形成量在相当低的水平,是最理想的选择.此法在短时间内作为去除氨氮这种毒性很强的物质的应急使用是可行的,但不能长期使用,因为对微污染水源而言,如投氯量把握不当,则也会产生较多的毒副产物,对饮用水的质量安全构成明显影响.     

石油污染土壤的生态修复

物理、化学技术在修复石油污染土壤过程中会造成二次污染、改变土壤结构,且成本高,在应用上具有一定的局限性。以生物技术为主的联合修复是未来土壤修复的主要发展趋势。文章介绍了石油污染土壤生态修复的概念及修复原理,指出土壤环境容量的确定是实施生态修复的基础,植物、微生物及其联合修复是主要手段。通过对有效环境因子的监控、高效积累植物的筛选及基因工程等技术,必将使石油污染土壤的生态修复有更为广阔的发展前景。     

生物监测在大气污染应急监测的应用

结合实际,文章介绍了生物监测的基本原理、方法和步骤,以及运用到大气污染应急监测中应收集的信息和动植物受害症状的观察方法;介绍了二氧化硫(SO2)、氟化物(F-)、氯气(CL2)、氨气(NH3)、光化学烟雾等常见大气污染物的动植物受害症状和鉴别方法;并指出了植物大气污染危害与热害的区别方法。     

医疗内窥镜影像系统的设计与实现

设计并实现了消化内镜影像系统的常用功能,并增加了病变图像的二次采集,典型病例库的维护以及“所见即所得”的报告生成方式,提高了诊断效率。并对系统进行了全面的测试,保证了系统的稳定性和功能完备性。     

上海地区建筑能耗计算用典型年气象数据的研究

以同济大学某教学楼为研究对象,对比了用EnergyPlus模拟计算得到的全年耗电量和实测耗电量,研究了用于建筑能耗动态计算的5套典型年气象数据的可靠性,得出了CTYW气象数据最接近现实情况的结论。对其中影响较大的参数如室外气温、湿度和太阳辐射量进行分析和比较,指出所用5套典型年气象数据间的差异来自观测值的缺损和统计处理模型的不完善,特别是日射模型存在一定缺陷。