炼化厂水冷器常见腐蚀形式与控制措施

近几年对炼化厂生产装置进行腐蚀调查发现,各厂水冷器结垢及腐蚀问题是装置主要腐蚀问题之一,水冷器腐蚀结垢问题严重影响装置正常运行.各炼化厂水冷器采用涂料防腐、阴极保护、材质升级、水质控制等措施减缓腐蚀.同时,在装置运行期间保证水冷器管束内部流速,控制循环水出口温度,可有效减轻水冷器结垢和垢下腐蚀.在装置大检修期间,开展水...     

力-位移分控多点成形鞍面回弹的数值模拟研究

本文针对马鞍面的力-位移分控多点成形的回弹进行了研究.采用数值模拟的方法,对不同曲率半径和不同板厚的鞍形面进行了成形过程的模拟和卸载回弹分析.结果表明,曲率半径越大,该方向的回弹越大;板厚越大,两个方向的回弹都变小,且起主导作用的方向对另一方向的影响越小.     

Cu-10Sn-4Ni-3Pb Alloy Prepared by Crystallization Under Pressure： An Experimental Study

The wear-resistant tin bronze (Cu-10Sn-4Ni-3Pb) with tin content above 8 wt.% prepared by traditional melting and casting process usually defects such as low density, poor properties and segregations. The crystallization under pressure processing of Cu-10Sn-4Ni-3Pb alloy was investigated. The microstructures were observed and analyzed and compared with that by traditional melting and casting process. The results show that the dendrite has obviously disappeared and the dendritic segregation alleviated by using the crystallization under 680 MPa pressure process, in comparison with the remarkably dendrite microstructure and severe as-cast defects of alloy prepared by traditional melting and casting technology. Based on the experimental study, the properties and microstructures of Cu-10Sn-4Ni-3Pb tin bronze prepared by crystallization under pressure have been improved significantly.     

Placental Villous Explant Culture 2.0: Flow Culture Allows Studies Closer to the In Vivo Situation

During pregnancy, freely floating placental villi are adapted to fluid shear stress due to placental perfusion with maternal plasma and blood. In vitro culture of placental villous explants is widely performed under static conditions, hoping the conditions may represent the in utero environment. However, static placental villous explant culture dramatically differs from the in vivo situation. Thus, we established a flow culture system for placental villous explants and compared commonly used static cultured tissue to flow cultured tissue using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) measurements. The data revealed a better structural and biochemical integrity of flow cultured tissue compared to static cultured tissue. Thus, this new flow system can be used to simulate the blood flow from the mother to the placenta and back in the most native-like in vitro system so far and thus can enable novel study designs.     

Effect of heat treatment and zircon addition on the properties of low-cement castables based on recycled alumina grog

In this investigation, low-cement castables were prepared using 70% alumina grog aggregates obtained from crushed alumina brick waste. The aggregates were thermally treated at 1550 °C for 3 h. Four types of low-cement castables were prepared with various types of aggregates (alumina grog with or without thermal treatment) and fillers (with or without zircon addition), and they were evaluated in terms of their physical, thermal, and chemical properties. Microstructural analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on the castables before and after slag attack. Compared to the other fabricated castables, the thermally treated alumina grog castables with zircon showed better physical properties, such as a higher bulk density, cold crushing strength, and modulus of rupture and a lower apparent porosity and water absorption. In addition, they had a higher positive linear thermal expansion, refractoriness under load, permanent linear change, and hot modulus of rupture. The results of the SEM with energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the prepared castables confirmed that the mullite and anorthite phases were predominant when zircon was not added and the zircon–mullite phase additionally appeared upon the incorporation of zircon. A quantitative elemental analysis via X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to determine the composition of the castables. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the alumina grog castables had a high mullite and low anorthite content, and the thermally treated alumina grog had a high anorthite, low mullite, and high zircon content. The improvement in the mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of the castables with thermally treated alumina grog and added zircon can be attributed to the formation of the zircon–mullite phase with a low mullite phase content.     

马尾松纯林不同地表覆盖对产流产沙的影响研究

马尾松林地水土流失严重,为了研究马尾松林下种植植物的水土流失防治效果,选择4种不同郁闭度的林地设计3种试验小区,其中两个小区分别种植百喜草、胡枝子,与保留的自然小区进行对比试验,分析了不同郁闭度对小区产流及侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明,当马尾松纯林地郁闭度低于0.3时,不同郁闭度间的细微差异对小区产流和产沙的影响不显著;植被盖度对小区产流和产沙的影响呈现一定规律性,当自然小区植被盖度低于30%时,产流、产沙量随植被盖度增大而下降;百喜草小区植被盖度达到45%以上时,形成乔草复层结构,比单一草被覆盖保水减蚀效果更好,且与是否有枯落物覆盖等因素有关;胡枝子小区产流、产沙量与植被盖度、乔灌草立体结构是否形成有关,人工种植胡枝子更有助于马尾松纯林形成乔灌草立体结构群落。     

基于GR-SPA的膜下滴灌模式评价

针对膜下滴灌模式的优选问题,从集对分析(SPA)出发,由灰色关联(GR)分析计算待评模式与最优模式、中间模式和最劣模式之间的关联度,来构建膜下滴灌模式评价的联系度表达式,实现对多种灌溉模式的评价。将此方法应用于新疆的大田试验中,对9种灌溉模式进行评价,最终确定灌溉模式4为最优模式,即苗期灌溉时间比对照模式推迟2d,蕾期按对照模式及时进行复水,花铃前期和花铃后期适当控水。结果表明:基于GR-SPA评价法的最优灌溉模式与投影寻踪分类法和突变理论法的评价结果一致,也与大田试验推荐的灌溉模式相符,说明此方法能客观、真实地反映膜下滴灌模式的评价问题,评价结果可靠。     

城市化对河南省极端降水空间分布的影响

针对城市化对极端降水空间分布的影响问题,利用城市冠层模型结合WRF(weather research and forecasting)中尺度天气预报模式对河南省2021年"7·20"特大暴雨进行数值模拟,并结合国家级地面观测站实测降水数据对该模型的模拟精度进行了验证.结果表明,考虑城市冠层影响的耦合模型能更好地模拟出区...     

基于Penman-Monteith公式的双源模型的改进

本文在Penman-Monteith公式的基础上，推导出能解析计算冠层蒸腾和土壤蒸发的双源模型，使之能广泛用于农田蒸腾和蒸发的计算.采用玉米田波文比-能量平衡(BREB)观测资料对模型进行检验，模拟的蒸散量与BREB的结果相当一致.模型 主要参数对蒸散的敏感性分析表明，这些参数变化±20%时，蒸散的响应小于±7%.     

水煤浆流化-悬浮燃烧锅炉应用床下点火技术的运行特性

流化床锅炉的点火方式大致分为床上静态点火、床上流态化点火和床下热烟气流态化点火三种方式.本文所开发的非水冷风室床下热烟气流态化点火方式具有设备简单、操作方便、燃料消耗少和启动迅速等优点,在水煤浆流化-悬浮燃烧锅炉的启动过程中获得了极大的成功.本文总结了胜利油田10余台水煤浆流化-悬浮燃烧锅炉在启动过程中采用非水冷风室床下热烟气点火技术的运行经验,并探讨了该技术在流化床锅炉启动过程中的应用前景,对同类型锅炉的运行具有指导意义.