Effect of unsaturation in bicarboxylic acid dopants for solid‐state synthesis of polyaniline

Conjugation in the polymeric backbone leads to an electrical conducting nature for conducting polymers, and organic acids can be used as dopants to manipulate the electroactive behaviour. The present investigation deals with the effect of unsaturation in bicarboxylic acid dopant structures on the properties of polyaniline (PAni). PAni was synthesized via solvent‐free solid‐state polymerization. Oxalic acid, fumaric acid and trans,trans‐muconic acid containing 0, 1 and 2 double bonds, respectively, in their molecular structures were used as dopants. Fine particles directionally agglomerate to form nanowires. The use of a conjugated dopant results in highly crystalline PAni. With an increase in the number of double bonds in the dopant structure, the conductivity at room temperature increases, whereas the activation energy, hopping range, optical band gap and supercapacitive performance reduce. The inter‐chain hopping is expected to be favoured by the presence of unsaturation, and even more by conjugation in the dopant structure. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

河北省乐亭县滦河古河道深覆盖层钻探施工工艺

河北省乐亭县鲁家坨铁矿区第四系、第三系覆盖层厚,基岩地层破碎,钻探施工过程中坍塌卡钻、缩径、漏涌结合等事故多。选用新型土层专用取心钻具配合常规钻头及特殊金刚石钻头钻进覆盖层,采用加大孔径、优质化学浆液护壁及护孔堵漏相结合措施用绳索取心工艺钻进基岩层,同时强化了泥浆性能调节和维护,加强钻压、转速、大泵量的监护调节等管理措施,顺利完成了施工任务。原设计孔深1300 m,实际终孔深度1408 m,钻孔弯曲度2.9°,岩心采取率覆盖层平均高达80%,岩层100%,矿层100%,成孔周期75天,圆满完成了设计任务书要求,评为优质孔。     

Analytical evaluation of different carbon sources and growth stimulators on the biomass and lipid production of Chlorella vulgaris – Implications for biofuels

The key challenges in lipid production from marine microalgae include the selection of appropriate strain, optimization of the culture conditions and enhancement of biolipid yield. This study is aimed at evaluating the optimal harvest time and effect of chlorella growth factor (CGF) extract, carbon sources and phytohormones on the biomass and lipid production in Chlorella vulgaris. CGF, extracted using hot water from Chlorella has been reported to possess various medicinal properties. However, in the present study, for the first time in C. vulgaris, CGF was found as a best growth stimulator by enhancing the biomass level (1.208 kg m⁻³) significantly on day 5. Gibberellin and citrate augmented the biomass by 0.935 kg m⁻³ and 1.025 kg m⁻³. Combination of CGF and phytohormones were more effective than CGF and carbon sources. Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters indicated that the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids is higher in cytokinin, abscisic acid and CGF, and are also rich in short chain carbon atoms, ideal criteria for biodiesel. Nitrogen starvation favoured synthesis of more unsaturated fatty acids than saturated. This study shows that CGF enhances the biomass and lipid significantly and thus can be used for large scale biomass production.     

Laboratory measurement of hydraulic conductivity functions of two unsaturated sandy soils during drying and wetting processes

The importance of applying unsaturated soil mechanics to geotechnical engineering design has been well understood. However, the consumption of time and the necessity for a specific laboratory testing apparatus when measuring unsaturated soil properties have limited the application of unsaturated soil mechanics theories in practice. Although methods for predicting unsaturated soil properties have been developed, the verification of these methods for a wide range of soil types is required in order to increase the confidence of practicing engineers in using these methods. In this study, a new permeameter was developed to measure the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils using the steady-state method and directly measured suction (negative pore-water pressure) values. The apparatus is instrumented with two tensiometers for the direct measurement of suction during the tests. The apparatus can be used to obtain the hydraulic conductivity function of sandy soil over a low suction range (0–10 kPa). Firstly, the repeatability of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity measurement, using the new permeameter, was verified by conducting tests on two identical sandy soil specimens and obtaining similar results. The hydraulic conductivity functions of the two sandy soils were then measured during the drying and wetting processes of the soils. A significant hysteresis was observed when the hydraulic conductivity was plotted against the suction. However, the hysteresis effects were not apparent when the conductivity was plotted against the volumetric water content. Furthermore, the measured unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions were compared with predictions using three different predictive methods that are widely incorporated into numerical software. The results suggest that these predictive methods are capable of capturing the measured behavior with reasonable agreement.     

非饱和土半空间中单桩竖向振动特性研究

从三维轴对称的非饱和土波动方程出发,考虑土中基质吸力对剪切模量的影响,对端承桩在纵向简谐荷载作用下桩土耦合振动特性进行了研究。利用算子分解和分离变量法直接对耦合方程进行解耦,在求得非饱和土层振动模态形式和阻抗因子的基础上,结合桩土界面处的衔接条件以及桩端刚性支承形式,对桩的一维波动方程进行求解,得到了桩顶复刚度函数、土层阻抗因子的频域形式解答,并讨论了主要参数对桩基动力行为的影响。计算结果表明：随着饱和度的减小,桩顶动刚度因子和等效阻尼的振幅随之减小,但桩土体系的共振频率则基本不受其影响。在桩土模量比的分析中,应区别对待土和桩弹性模量引起的不同反应。模型揭示了土体动力响应从单相到饱和两相介质条件下的完整演化过程,为描述实际土体环境下桩基动力行为提供了较为完备的理论框架。     

砂岩地层渗流过程非饱和厚度变化的地电测试

通过砂岩地层渗透过程中不同部位的地电场响应特点试验,获得了砂岩断面渗水过程中地电场参数瞬时响应规律。注水渗透过程中,模型各电极测试点位置的自然电位均呈现为升高的趋势,并且砂层非饱和厚度与自然电位值之间体现出很好线性相关关系。在水位上升至测点位置后,激励电流出现阶跃突变,之后呈现为一个相对平稳的数值。利用渗流过程中不同位置自然电位和激励电流的变化特征,可判定砂层中水的渗流方向、渗流速度和渗漏点位置。     

滑坡应急治理充气截水方法

大多数滑坡的降雨入渗汇水区在滑坡后缘山坡,后缘的地下水入渗才是导致滑体地下水上升的关键因素。通过气驱水理论分析,并依据土体具有随饱和度降低导水性迅速降低的特性,提出利用充气驱水法在入渗路径上形成含有压气体的非饱和区截水帷幕的构想,并通过数值模拟分析和物理模型试验,得出充气截水减渗效果明显的结论。     

磷石膏尾矿坝渗流场与稳定性分析

针对大峪口磷石膏尾矿坝的实际情况,设定多种运行工况。运用饱和-非饱和渗流理论,分析磷石膏尾矿坝在各种工况下的渗流场。渗流场分析结果表明,干滩长度变化以及排渗垫层的淤堵程度对浸润线的影响十分明显,干滩长度越长,坝体浸润线越低;排渗垫层淤堵越重,浸润线越高。在渗流场分析的基础上,运用饱和-非饱和边坡稳定性分析方法,对坝体进行稳定性分析,得出不同工况下坝坡的安全系数。坝坡稳定性分析结果表明,在当前实际运行坝高180m时,最小安全系数为2.27,坝体是稳定的。不同工况下的安全系数均满足技术规程的规定。     

谈破石头沟膨胀性围岩段引水隧洞施工

阐述了膨胀性土及膨胀性泥岩的基本特性及支护要求,并结合重钢西昌矿业有限公司破石头改道工程大型引水隧洞施工中膨胀性泥岩隧洞段的开挖支护经验,提出针对该类围岩隧洞的施工应坚持"短进尺、弱爆破、强支护、早封闭、勤量测"的施工理念,尽可能缩短开挖围岩的暴露时间,从而有效减少此类围岩的失稳垮塌。实践经验表明,文中介绍的施工工艺对于大断面膨胀性泥岩隧洞施工而言是合理可行的。