On the nature of intraindividual personality variability: Reliability, validity, and associations with well-being.

Intraindividual personality variability is a construct that reflects the extent to which a person's self-reported personality changes over time or across social roles. Past studies have linked variability with important outcomes such as adjustment and well-being. However, existing variability measures conflate mean-level variance with true change over time, and thus these past findings are questionable. Three studies were conducted to examine the psychometric properties of existing variability indexes and to develop a new index that does not suffer from the problem of conflated variance. This new index is reliable and valid and can predict actual changes in self-reports over time. However, once mean-level variance is removed, intraindividual variability is no longer related to well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Incorporating test and control product variability in degree of difference tests

Detecting overall differences in inherently variable products presents a unique set of challenges. The degree of difference-control lot variation (DOD-CV) test was developed to include control lot variability within the test [Pecore, S., Stoer, N., Hooge, S., Holschuh, N., Hulting, F., & Case, F. (2006). Degree of difference testing: A new approach incorporating control lot variability. Food Quality and Preference, 17(8–9), 552–555] by comparing products from two control lots and one test lot. This test has been successfully used to detect differences between products with variability induced by production, preparation or heterogeneous composition. Because products with variable control product will also have variable test product, there is a need for representation of test product variability as well as control product variability. The degree of difference-control and test lot variation (DOD-CTV) test represents product variation in both control and test lots by comparing products from two control lots and two test lots. By using an incomplete block design, this can be accomplished without increasing the number of samples required per lot, the pairs evaluated per panelist, or the time spent by each panelist in their evaluation.     

土性参数空间变异性研究

利用齐次随机场模型研究方法,对样本容量按随机场离散,采用空间递推平均法对石河子北区多个钻孔统计分析后得出石河子北区典型土层的自相关距离、均值及变异系数。土性指标的相关距离具有显著的地区差异性和同一地区的相对稳定性,只有考虑了相关性的影响所得到的可靠度指标才较为可靠,因此对当地的土性相关距离的地区相关性研究很有必要。     

ENVISAT/AATSR derived land surface temperature over a heterogeneous region

In this paper a method for evaluating land surface temperature (LST) algorithms over heterogeneous areas is presented. The evaluation was made for a set of 12 algorithms derived by using the split-window (SW) and dual-angle (DA) techniques for estimating sea and land surface temperature (SST and LST) from Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) data. A validation of the proposed algorithms was carried out over a heterogeneous region of Morocco in the framework of the WATERMED (WATer use Efficiency in natural vegetation and agricultural areas by Remote sensing in the MEDiterranean basin) project. AATSR data and in situ measurements over this heterogenous region were compared by implementing a classification based strategy over a higher spatial resolution Landsat image. Three reference classes were considered when performing the classification from the Landsat image. Ground based measurements where then used to assign an effective surface radiometric temperature to each of these three classes. Finally, an averaging procedure based on class proportion was implemented for deriving surface radiometric temperature at the AATSR pixel scale. For this heterogeneous site, the results showed that LST can be obtained with a root mean-square error (RMSE) lower than 1.7 K from the split-window algorithms. Dual-angle algorithms, on the other hand, provided greater RMSE due to the different surfaces observed in the nadir and forward views. The results suggest that to retrieve LST from 1 km pixels over heterogeneous surfaces spatial averaging is required to improve accuracy on temperature estimation.     

二维强非均质含水层中水力传导度空间变异对污染物迁移的影响

对于介质的非均质性相对较小的情况，可将水力传导度对数(lnK) 的空间分布概化为正态分布的统计均匀随机场。而对于强非均质介质，lnK的空间分布可表征为其增量遵从Levy稳定分布的非平稳随机场。本研究假设二维承压含水层内面积为128m x 128 m的研究区域中,在(10m,64m)处瞬时注入浓度为1000 mg/L的污染物：利用改进的连续随机增加（successive random additional, SRA) 方法生成含水层lnK增量具有Levy稳定分布的统计特征的随机场；采用Monte-Carlo数值实验方法并结合MODFLOW与MT3DMS分别模拟研究区域内水流和溶质迁移过程，分析水力传导度强变异性对污染羽状物浓度空间矩及宏观弥散的影响。结果表明：Levy指数a决定lnK的空间分布形状，宽度参数C则影响lnK的取值范围；污染羽的质心位置(一阶矩)与C、a的大小无关；C越大、a 越小，污染羽形状越不规则，污染羽状物的扩散范围(二阶矩)越大；且a 越小，污染羽状物具有明显的拖尾现象；纵向宏观弥散度随时间呈幂函数递增趋势。     

Variational optimization for global climate analysis on ESA's high performance computing grid

State of the arte assimilation techniques, such as 3D-Var, are relatively seldom used within climate analysis frameworks, partly because of the enormous numerical costs. In order to face this issue ESA's high performance computing Grid on-Demand (G-POD) is used. We assimilate Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based radio occultations (RO). RO data in general exhibit some favorable properties, like global coverage, all-weather capability expected long-term stability and accuracy. These properties and the continuity of data offered by the Meteorological Operational Satellite (MetOp) program and other RO missions are an ideal opportunity to study the long term atmospheric and climate variability.This paper investigates the assimilation of RO refractivity profiles into first guess fields derived from 21 years of ECMWF's ERA40 dataset on a monthly mean basis divided into four synoptic time layers in order to take the diurnal cycle into account. In contrast to NWP systems, the assimilation procedure is applied without cycling, thus enabling us to run our 3D-Var implementation within G-POD parallel for different time layers. Results indicate a significant analysis increment which is partly systematic, emphasizing the ability of RO data to add independent information to ECMWF analysis fields, with a potential to correct biases. This work lays the ground for further studies using data from existing instruments within a framework based on a mature methodology.     

THE SOLAR‐TO‐STREAM POWER RATIO: A DIMENSIONLESS NUMBER EXPLAINING DIEL FLUCTUATIONS OF TEMPERATURE IN MESOSCALE RIVERS

The diel variation of temperature in mesoscale river reaches (catchment area > 1000 km²) is analysed using concurrent measurements of water temperature and of those meteorological (incident short‐wave radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed variables) and hydraulic variables (streamflow, top width, channel slope and flow depth) controlling the thermal regime. Measurements were taken along two river reaches located in central Chile, on the Itata (11 290 km², Strahler's order 6, reach length 30 km, Q_bankfull = 400 m³ s^?1) and Vergara (4340 km², Strahler's order 5, reach length 20 km, Q_bankfull = 85 m³ s^?1) rivers. The measuring frequency was 15 min. The relevant energy fluxes at the air–water interface, that is, atmospheric long‐wave radiation, net short‐wave radiation, radiation emitted by the water body, evaporation (latent heat) and conduction heat are computed and analysed for four scenarios of 12 days duration each, representing typical conditions for the austral winter, spring, summer and autumn. We find large differences in the diel river temperature range between the two sites and across seasons (and thus, flows and meteorological conditions), as reported in previous studies, but no clear relationship with the controlling variables is overtly observed. Following a dimensional analysis, we obtain a dimensionless parameter corresponding to the ratio of solar‐to‐stream power, which adequately explains the diel variation of water temperature in mesoscale rivers. A number of our own measurements as well as literature data are used for preliminary testing of the proposed parameter. This easy‐to‐compute number is shown to predict quite well all of the cases, constituting a simple and useful criterion to estimate a priori the magnitude of temperature diel variations in a river reach, given prevailing meteorological (daily maximum solar radiation) and hydrologic–hydraulic (streamflow, mean top width) conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Diurnal mood variation in major depressive disorder.

Depression disturbs mood, but a clear picture of diurnal mood rhythms in depression has yet to emerge. This study examined variations in positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA), two dimensions of mood that generate diurnal patterns among healthy individuals. Repeated measurements of NA and PA in daily life were obtained over 6 days from 47 depressed outpatients and 39 healthy individuals using the Experience Sampling Method. Relative to healthy individuals, depressed individuals exhibited increasing PA levels during the day with a later acrophase. In contrast, depressed persons' NA exhibited a more pronounced diurnal rhythm and was more variable from moment to moment than healthy individuals'. Ambulatory mood measurements in depression suggest distinct diurnal disturbances of positive and negative affect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

延边州地下水环境质量空间变异性分析

为分析延边州浅层地下水环境质量空间变异性,选取14项监测指标,运用R型主因子分析法得出相关系数矩阵,分析出4个主因子及相应的因子得分,主因子1、2、3、4的贡献率分别为31.35%、23.58%、11.04%、10.27%,主因子1是最有影响的因子,代表色度、大肠菌群、细菌总数、Fe四项指标;主因子2、3、4分别代表NO3-N、SO42-、Hd、溶解性总固体,NO2-N、NH4-N、Mn、CODMn,pH值、F-指标。对因子得分运用Word聚类法将该区域分为A、B、C、D、E 5个亚类区域空间和Ⅰ类低污染、Ⅱ类高污染两大类空间。结果分析表明:敦化、珲春部分区域污染最严重,和龙、安图、汪清部分区域污染严重,属于Ⅱ类高污染空间,其他区域为Ⅰ类低污染空间。     

住宅的可变性和多适性

指出住宅的可变性和住宅的多适性是统一于住宅建筑之中的,多适性和可变性相互影响、相互依存,通过对住宅的可变性和多适性的论述,来剖析和阐明新时期住宅建设中迫切需要重视的问题,唤起人们的注意。