含非淹没植物明渠糙率系数及非均匀流水力特性

根据水力学对明渠水流流动类型的划分,提出按均匀流和非均匀流分别进行研究的新思路。通过对植物段上游水流和植物段水流的研究,得到种植植物后植物段上游形成M1型非均匀流,植物段基本形成M2型非均匀流,其相对水深随排列密度增大而增大,种植物前非均匀流水深越小,种植物后水深变化越大,植物段的相对糙率系数和相对水力坡度均随植物排列密度增加而增大,且植物横向加密比纵向加密糙率系数增加的快,阻水效果更明显等结论。更多还原     

黄河流域多沙粗沙区植被覆盖变化与减水减沙效益分析

通过遥感手段和数字流域模型,研究了黄河流域多沙粗沙区近10来年的植被覆盖变化及其减水减沙效益。研究表明,多沙粗沙区90年代末期与80年代末期相比,植被覆盖度增加区域大约占50%,植被覆盖度没变化区域约占48%。植被覆盖度的变化导致了流域水沙条件的变化,90年代末期植被覆盖条件下,植被措施的减水减沙百分比不高;不同的降雨过程,植被措施的减水减沙效益有一定的差别;从不同降雨过程多年平均看,近10来年植被措施年均减水2.63亿m3,减沙1.13亿t,减水减沙比为2.75,即减1亿t沙的同时减水2.75亿m3,减水百分比为7.61,减沙百分比为10.56,减沙效益大于减水效益。     

黑河流域生态输水对下游植被变化影响研究

为挽救黑河下游额济纳地区严重退化的生态环境，本世纪初开始向下游实施生态输水工程。本文通过对2000-2009年的MODIS/NDVI序列分析，揭示了生态输水以来额济纳地区植被时空变化格局；基于不同时空分辨率的遥感影像和实地考察资料，分析了植被变化空间差异的主要原因。研究表明：（1）研究区内80.4 %的绿洲区植被和91.5 %的荒漠区植被呈恢复趋势。绿洲区内年累积植被指数序列趋势度大于0.14 a-1 的区域都存在农田开垦或弃耕地复播现象；荒漠植被的显著恢复主要发生在西河中、下游和东河下游地区。（2）研究区内19.6 %的绿洲区植被和5.1 %的荒漠区植被进一步退化，退化区主要分布在衬砌渠系两侧和一些干涸或径流减少的自然河流两岸，植被退化主要是乔木林的退化。（3）大范围的植被恢复主要原因在于地下水环境的整体好转，以及生态保护措施的实施；地下水环境的整体好转取决于黑河中游来水量的增加和下游输水方案的实施。（4）研究区植被退化的直接原因在于目前输水方案实施引起的局部地表水环境恶化。基于植被动态监测和局部植被对全局生态的重要性评价，确定合理的输水方案，对于区域生态环境演变进入良性循环意义重大。     

祁连山北麓牧区植被生长季不同等级降水时空变化特征

以祁连山北麓肃南县牧区为研究区,选取周边7个气象站1961-2016年的日降水资料,采用气候倾向率、Hurst指数、Mann-Kendall检验和反距离加权插值等方法,对肃南县植被生长季降水的时空变化特征进行研究。结果表明:肃南县植被生长季降水量和降水强度距平百分率趋势显著增加,而降水日数增加趋势不显著;植被生长季降水量和降水强度在1998年发生显著突变,而降水日数无显著突变;植被生长季降水以小雨为主,中雨降水变异系数较大,但近年来趋于稳定上升状态;植被生长季降水日数和降水强度在空间上呈东南多西北少,小雨降水分布与其分布类似,而中雨强度呈南少北多的空间分布差异;小雨对肃南县植被生长季降水量贡献较大,但近年来中雨比小雨增加明显,降水时空分布呈不均衡发展趋势。     

基于全极化雷达数据反演夏玉米覆盖农田表层土壤含水量

基于RADARSAT-2全极化C波段雷达数据和野外实测数据,建立了不同极化方式的后向散射系数与夏玉米植被含水量的响应关系,获得了山东禹城夏玉米覆盖区域农作物含水量。在此基础上,对＂水—云模型＂的参数进行了修改,从总的极化雷达后向散射中去除了植被影响,获取了土壤组分的后向散射系数,从而能够通过雷达多极化数据得到表层土壤含水量。结果表明：夏玉米植被含水量观测值与VH、VV后向散射系数的相关性均达到显著水平,相关系数分别为0.86和0.79,VH极化优于VV极化;在RADARSAT-2四种极化方式下,VV极化下的＂水—云模型＂理论计算的误差平方和最小,是研究区表层土壤含水量反演的最优极化方式。     

Advances in estimation methods of vegetation water content based on optical remote sensing techniques

Quantitative estimation of vegetation water content(VWC) using optical remote sensing techniques is helpful in forest fire as-sessment,agricultural drought monitoring and crop yield estimation.This paper reviews the research advances of VWC retrieval using spectral reflectance,spectral water index and radiative transfer model(RTM) methods.It also evaluates the reli-ability of VWC estimation using spectral water index from the observation data and the RTM.Focusing on two main definitions of VWC—the fuel mois...     

Landscape dynamics of Mediterranean montane grasslands over 60 years and implications for habitats conservation. A case study in the northern Apennines (Italy)

Widespread trends of abandonment have strongly affected Mediterranean mountains after the Second World War, triggering spontaneous recolonisation of forests. A diachronic analysis of the landscape in a Natura 2000 site (Tuscany, Italy) was carried out using digital aerial photographs (1954, 2013) and a GIS-based methodology, focusing on territories above 1300 m a.s.l. The detected variations of total areas, patch shape, patch dimensions and selected metrics showed a notable shift of the vegetation towards woody types and a drastic reduction of open grasslands, some with high conservation value, accompanied by a strong increase in patch number, surface and edge. A decrease of SDI and SEI diversity indices was also observed. Considering that fragmentation is one of the main causes threatening habitats and species, our results point out a clear necessity for a monitoring programme and suitable actions aimed at improving the status of biodiversity-rich montane grasslands.     

Neural network estimation of LAI, fAPAR, fCover and LAI×Cab, from top of canopy MERIS reflectance data: Principles and validation

A neural network is developed to operationally estimate biophysical variables over land surfaces from the observations of the ENVISAT-MERIS instrument: the leaf area index (LAI), the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR), the fraction of vegetation cover (fCover), and the canopy chlorophyll content (LAI×C_ab). The neural network requires as input the geometry of observation and the top of canopy reflectances, corrected from the atmospheric effects, in eleven spectral bands. It is trained on a reflectance database made of radiative transfer model simulations. The principles underlying the generation of the database and the design of the network are first presented. The estimated variables are then compared to other existing products, LAI- and fAPAR-MODIS and MGVI-MERIS, and validated against ground measurements performed in the framework of the VALERI project. Results show remarkable consistency of the temporal dynamics between the several products with however some differences in the range of variation. When compared to actual VALERI ground measurements, the proposed algorithm shows the best performances for LAI (RMSE = 0.47) and fAPAR (RMSE = 0.09).     

黑河流域下游天然植被生态需水预测

根据对黑河下游天然植被生态状况的分忻，对不同水平年提出了5个生态恢复方案，计算预测了各方案的生态需水量．提出了推荐生态恢复方案。     

面源污染的截纳控制技术

根据武汉东湖面源污染负荷分布的时空规律，采用人工草坪、自然生态植被、炉渣—壤土渗滤系统进行面源污染物ＴＮ，ＴＰ的截纳试验．在武汉马鞍山森林公园工程试验成果表明，该项截纳控制技术对防治东湖面源污染具有实效，可供浅水湖泊面源污染的控制与净化工程借鉴。