Incipient motion of sediment in presence of submerged flexible vegetation

The presence of submerged vegetation on river beds can change the water flow structure and alter the state of sediment motion. In this study,the incipient motion of sediment in the presence of submerged flexible vegetation in open channels was investigated in a laboratory experiment.The vegetation was simulated with flexible rubber cylinders arranged in parallel arrays. The effect of the vegetation density, water depth, and sediment grain size on the incipient motion was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the incipient motion velocity of sediment increases as the vegetation density decreases and the water depth and sediment grain size increase. With flexible plants, the incipient motion velocity of sediment is lower than it is without vegetation, and is larger than it is with rigid vegetation. A general incipient motion velocity equation was derived, which can be applied to both flexible and rigid vegetation conditions.     

中国植物空间分异规律

以省级行政区为分析单元,借助ArcGIS空间分析功能对中国行政分区图、中国森林覆盖率图、中国植物区系图、中国植被分区图进行叠加分析。通过对同一植被分区下分析单元数据进行整合,给出全国不同植物区系、植被分区、森林覆盖率信息。采用二阶聚类综合判别法,提取中国植被分区总体信息,探求植被空间分异规律,发现一类、二类、三类植被的比例为30∶37∶23,反映出植被的区域分布特性较强;四类植被比例大致占10%,反映出大区域内部的局地小生境造成的植被分布的整体差异。另外,一类植被多分布在中高纬度地带,二类植被贯穿中国全纬度,三类植被多分布在低纬度地带。     

基于竞争环境的截流设施选址与车辆路径问题

研究竞争环境下截流设施选址与带时间窗的多中心车辆路径问题。首先,在考虑设施覆盖范围衰退的情况下,利用阶梯型效用函数和偏离距离描述消费者的选择行为,并确定截流设施的需求量;然后,采用基于聚集度的启发式算法对门店进行分类,借助双层规划法,建立门店选址与车辆路径安排的多目标整数规划模型;最后,采用改进的蚁群算法进行求解。通过分析对比实验结果,验证了模型的有效性和可行性。     

A detection problem: Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of a land surface temperature approach to detecting dynamics of water use by groundwater-dependent vegetation

Sustainable management of groundwater-dependent vegetation (GDV) requires the accurate identification of GDVs, characterisation of their water use dynamics and an understanding of associated errors. This paper presents sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of one GDV mapping method which uses temperature differences between time-series of modelled and observed land surface temperature (LST) to detect groundwater use by vegetation in a subtropical woodland. Uncertainty in modelled LST was quantified using the Jacobian method with error variances obtained from literature. Groundwater use was inferred where modelled and observed LST were significantly different using a Student's t-test. Modelled LST was most sensitive to low-range wind speeds (<1.5 m s⁻¹), low-range vegetation height (<=0.5 m), and low-range leaf area index (<=0.5 m² m⁻²), limiting the detectability of groundwater use by vegetation under such conditions. The model-data approach was well-suited to detection of GDV because model-data errors were lowest for climatic conditions conducive to groundwater use.     

含植物河道水动力特性研究进展

水生植物群落是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,利用天然植被护坡固土、净化水质、改善河流生态环境已成为河流生态修复的重要措施。本文从水生植物影响下的河道水流阻力特性及水流结构两方面,总结了国内外对含植物河道水动力特性的研究进展,并对该领域的未来研究方向提出了展望。     

柴达木盆地植被覆盖分布规律及影响因素

植被是陆地生态系统的主体,是自然生态系统中最活跃和敏感的因子,能够反映出气候、水、土壤等的变化。柴达木盆地地处干旱区,生态环境脆弱,采用MODIS遥感数据分析柴达木盆地植被类型、植被覆盖度的时空演化特征,结果表明:柴达木盆地总体植被覆盖较差,植被覆盖度较低,裸地或极稀疏植被占较大面积,2001—2012年裸地或极稀疏植被面积持续减小。植被指数一元线性回归分析结果表明盆地大部分区域植被呈明显好转趋势,这与近年来盆地内降水量增大密不可分。此外,地形地貌也是影响植被空间分布的重要因素。     

治理深圳河第四期工程截污管沉井施工技术

本文结合治理深圳河第四期工程深圳侧截污工程沉井施工实际,阐述沉井施工过程的步骤、控制和相关措施。沉井挖土下沉是沉井施工中的一道非常重要的工序,因此,在实际下沉施工过程中采用了相关沉井施工技术并采取了严格的质量控制措施,避免了深基坑开挖支护过程中安全风险及会发生的相关费用,缩短了施工工期。     

丹江口坝区扩建工程水土保持建设与效果分析

南水北调中线丹江口水库大坝加高工程坝区建设项目占地较多,包括永久征地、临时占地、租赁占地等,项目施工将直接破坏地表,造成水土流失。为防止工程建设造成严重的水土流失,项目业主单位成立了以总经理为第一责任人的领导机构和专门负责水土保持工程建设与管理的机构,并制定了专门的管理办法。在各参建单位的共同努力下,通过采取一系列的工程措施、植物措施与临时措施,取得了良好的水土保持效果,工程建设区的水土流失控制在国家标准的轻度流失范围内。     

FACTORS INFLUENCING BENDING RIGIDITY OF SUBMERGED VEGETATION

The bending rigidity of submerged vegetation is closely related with vegetative drag force. This work aims at determining the effects of flow conditions and characteristics of vegetation on the bending rigidity of submerged vegetation. Based on the dimensional analysis method, the factors influencing the bending rigidity of individual submerged vegetation were analyzed. The relationship between the relative bending rigidity and its influencing factors was investigated by experimental observation, and a rela...     

Spectral‐ALS data fusion for different roughness parameterizations of forested floodplains

Natural river floodplains and adjacent wetlands grow typically a diverse and heterogeneous combination of herbs, shrubs and trees, which play an essential role in determining the total flow resistance. Hydrodynamic effects of trees in forested floodplains can provide the majority of flow resistance during flood events. Nevertheless, ground‐based techniques to acquire vegetation parameters are expensive and difficult to apply over long reaches. This paper presents a novel method of automated roughness parameterization of riparian woody vegetation by fusion of Quickbird multi‐spectral image with airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. The data fusion approach includes: individual tree detection and estimation of vegetation metrics from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, assessment of predictive models for the vegetation parameters and spatial mapping of the vegetation parameters for the forest plants in the riparian corridor. The proposed method focuses on estimation of plant density (d), crown diameters (D_C), tree height (h), stem diameter (D_S), crown base height (cbh) and leaf area index (LAI). The procedure is tested along a 14‐km reach of the Sieve River (Tuscany, Italy) characterized by high woody plant density. Due to the complex study area, the data fusion approach explains with variable reliability the local vegetation properties (R²(D_C) = 0.14, R²(h) = 0.84, R²(D_S) = 0.25, R²(cbh) = 0.66). The generated structural parameter maps represent spatially explicit data layers that can be used as inputs to hydrodynamic models used to analyse flow resistance effects in different submergence conditions of vegetation. A simple flow resistance model was applied over a test area comparing the results of the proposed method and a traditional ground‐based approach. The modelling results showed that the new method is able to provide accurate output data to describe the interaction between water levels and bio‐mechanical characteristics of vegetation. The proposed methodology provides a fast, repeatable and accurate way of obtaining floodplain roughness, which enables regular updating of vegetation characteristics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.