平屋面的防水概念设计

主要围绕平屋面的防水概念设计,讨论了具体构造以外与防水相关的各屋面层次的设计原则与要领,目的是让屋面整体构造系统的设计更合理、防水效果更好.     

种植屋面系统技术及在浙烟厂房的应用

分层介绍了种植屋面系统技术及要点,并以浙烟厂房为例说明了种植屋面的设计原则、选材要求和应用效果。     

Variation in condensed tannin concentration of a temperate grass (Holcus lanatus) in relation to season and reproductive development

Holcus lanatus, a temperate grass, was found to contain low but measurable concentrations of condensed tannins (CT), according to the vanillin-HCl and the butanol-HCl methods. The variation in CT concentrations between different types of tissue including leaf age and reproductive versus nonreproductive tissue was examined. There was no evidence that floral tissue contained more CT than nonreproductive tissue. A sequential extraction and analysis procedure showed a decreasing proportion of free-unbound CT and greater preponderance of protein-bound and fiber-bound CT with increasing leaf age and in dead matter. Samples collected from an agricultural pasture on two sampling dates, January 24 and March 5, 1993, showed short-term temporal variation in free-unbound CT.     

Towards a simple indicator of water stress in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) based on the differential sensitivities of vegetative growth components

Responses of grapevine vegetative growth components to mild, medium and severe soil water deficits were used to identify simple and sensitive indicators for early diagnosis of water stress. Soil water deficit was characterised as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) remaining in a water‐depleted rootzone. Growth components included the number of emerged leaves on first (Ist) and second (IInd) order lateral branches, the leaf area and internode length of each phytomer of Ist order lateral branches, and the frequency of IInd order lateral branching. These components were measured in a greenhouse on Shiraz (syn. Syrah) grapevines, over a 38‐day period of stabilised soil water regimes. Leaf emergence rate, final leaf area and final internode length of lateral branches I were relatively insensitive to mild and medium water deficits. They only decreased in response to severe water deficits. The frequency of IInd order lateral branching showed a similar trend, but was inhibited at severe water deficits. The leaf emergence rate of lateral branches II was highly sensitive to FTSW, and decreased even in response to mild water deficits. Because measurement of leaf emergence rate is a time consuming process, further analysis of the data was undertaken to identify a simpler but similarly effective indicator of cumulative water deficit. Accordingly, we established that the final length of lateral branches I was sensitive to medium water deficits, while the final ratio of the number of leaves on lateral branches II to the number of leaves on lateral branches I, was sensitive to even mild water deficits. Both of these composite indicators (derived variables) were relatively easy to measure and showed potential as early indicators of water deficits. They were more sensitive to FTSW than was predawn leaf water potential. Moreover, the final ratio of the number of leaves on lateral branches II to the number of leaves on lateral branches I was even more sensitive to FTSW than was stomatal conductance.     

Effects of lysozyme on Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris under laboratory conditions

This research was aimed at investigating the bioactivity of lysozyme towards Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris. Lysozyme (0.1–20 ppm) was tested towards five different strains; the experiments were performed on both spores and vegetative cells using a microdilution approach to assess the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Thereafter, spore viability of two selected strains was evaluated through the traditional plate count. Finally, an experiment was run to assess the role of lysozyme on the complex phenomenon of spore germination. The MIC of lysozyme towards vegetative cells varied from 0.1 to 6 ppm, while for the spores, it was from 0.1 to 3 ppm. Concerning spore viability, the effect of lysozyme relied upon its amount on the broth, as at MIC it caused a slight reduction in spores (approximately 1 log cfu ml^?1) after 24 h; otherwise, higher concentrations caused a decrease in spore level below the detection limit. Concerning spore germination, lysozyme exerted a promoting effect on this phenomenon and reduced the optical density by 66%.     

Effect of pre- and postharvest salicylic acid treatment on ethylene production,fungal decay and overall quality of Selva strawberry fruit

The effect of salicylic acid (SA) treatment at different concentrations and growth stages of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. Selva) fruit on postharvest ethylene production, fungal decay and overall quality index was studied. SA at all concentrations effectively reduced fruit ethylene production and fungal decay and retained overall quality. Treatment of plants at vegetative stage and fruit development stage followed by postharvest treatment of fruits with 1 and 2 mmol L⁻¹ was the most effective strategy, whilst with decrease in treatment time the effects of treatment decreased. Single stage treatment strategy of fruits with 2 mmol L⁻¹ SA at postharvest stage was most effective. Postharvest treatment with 4 mmol L⁻¹ SA slightly damaged the fruits and was less effective than 2 mmol L⁻¹ in retaining fruit quality.     

基于水动力的植被消长模型及河道植被演替模拟

针对植被斑块在河道中的演替规律,建立了概化河道下的植被斑块消长模型。该模型以二维浅水方程组为控制方程,采用有限体积法离散求解水动力参数,利用等效曼宁系数法概化植被影响,定义床面剪切力小于阈值区域为新植被生长区,大于阈值区域为植被消亡区。考虑植被阻力对水流的影响以及床面切力对植被消长的影响,建立了植被消长与水动力过程相耦合的数学模型,模拟了不同条件下的植被区演替过程,模拟过程中重点考虑了两个床面剪切力阈值和两个初始植被密度工况。计算结果表明：植被斑块在河道内的演变通常是由块状向条带状发展,较高的剪切力阈值将产生更大的最终植被面积;当剪切力阈值系数为0.5时,最终植被面积占河道总面积的比值为47%~49%;当剪切力阈值系数为0.7时,最终植被面积占比为58%~60%;不同的初始植被分布并不会对最终植被面积产生显著影响,但较大的初始植被密度会加快植被的初始生长速率,使植被面积更快达到基本稳定水平。     

植被过滤带的污染物去除效率研究进展

探讨植被过滤带(vegetative filter strips,VFS)污染物去除效率与VFS特征参数(长度、坡度、植被类型)、污染物特性之间的关系,归纳了计算VFS污染物去除效率的经验模型和物理模型。结果表明,VFS长度与污染物去除效率呈一定的相关关系,坡度改变对污染物去除效率无明显影响,农药的有机碳吸附系数对污染物去除效率有较大的影响;VFS去除效率经验模型可以依据VFS的长度来估算污染物质的去除效率,同时可以计算不同粒径泥沙的去除效率,针对氮、磷、农药也能估算不同去除方式(如下渗、吸附等过程)的贡献率;耦合了水文模型与污染物去除机制的物理模型也在逐步完善中,VFSMOD就是代表。未来需要加强VFS对其他面源污染物如胶体、纳米颗粒物去除效率的研究,关注VFS在流域尺度上的污染物去除效率。     

含植物河道等效床面阻力试验研究

植物广泛存在于滩地和河槽中,可有效改善水环境,但同时也增加了水流阻力。通常采用不同材料的棍状物或仿生植物模拟实际植物进行试验研究,将植物阻力附加于床面上与原床面阻力一起构成等效床面阻力,因模拟实际植物的不相似导致含植物河道等效床面阻力的研究不够完善。本文提出了对实际植物分区施加实际流速条件进行试验的思路,即按河道现场调研的植物密度布置,沿横向和垂向对河道横断面分区,对实际植物区域施加实际流速条件,试验研究分区水体中的植物阻力,最后换算得到表征等效床面阻力的等效床面糙率。以独流减河上游河道为对象,选用乔木、灌木和芦苇三种典型植物,考虑河道横断面不同分区的流速条件进行了试验,结果表明,当遭遇100年一遇洪水时,乔木种植区域的等效床面糙率为0.060～0.066,灌木种植区域的等效床面糙率为0.083～0.099,芦苇种植区域的等效床面糙率为0.698～0.989。研究成果可为防洪计算和水环境治理提供理论支持。