水面舰艇对抗尾流自导鱼雷的措施及尾流自导鱼雷的对策

综合阐述了水面舰艇对抗尾流自导鱼雷的措施及尾流自导鱼雷的对策，详述了水面舰艇对抗尾流自导鱼雷的2种措施：尾流特征抑制和制造假尾流。尾流特征抑制包括尾流气泡合并法和尾流能量吸收法。在气泡合并法中应将换能器（或基阵）拖放到舰船螺旋桨尾流初始扩展结束、舰艏尾流和湍流边界层尾流的汇合处。能量吸收法吸收螺旋桨尾流中的机械能。这2种方法降低了尾流中微气泡数量，现有尾流自导鱼雷很难与之对抗。鉴于尾流自导鱼雷应能识别真假尾流，考虑真假尾流中气泡群运动特性的差异，建议用估计尾流回波瞬时频率均值的方法鉴别真假尾流，可在现有尾流自导系统中增加尾流识别电子部件，并补充修改工作程序和弹道程序，提出对抗假尾流的2个弹道设计原则。     

降低超高层建筑横风向响应气动措施研究进展

通过风洞测压试验,对比不同风向下、不同倒角半径的矩形高层建筑表面风压分布、整体风力及斯托罗哈数St;采用PIV试验,给出建筑的近尾流流动特性,并从流场作用角度,揭示倒角化处理对于矩形高层建筑风荷载特性的影响机理。研究表明：临界风向下,在建筑一侧分离的剪切层发生流动再附,形成分离泡;此时,建筑的阻力达谷值,升力和St达最大值。相比而言,倒角化矩形高层建筑的临界风向小于无气动措施的工况。St主要受到横风向投影宽度和尾流涡对间距的影响,在一定的风向范围内,当倒角半径达一定数值,St将有所增大。在建筑的整体阻力方面,倒角化处理将使得建筑尾流涡对尺寸减小;涡对横向流速增大,涡量掺混运动加剧,旋涡强度减弱。在此作用下,建筑整体阻力降低。在建筑的整体升力方面,采用倒角化处理后,旋涡脱落的不规则性和随机性增大,脱落强度减弱,这促使建筑整体升力减小;但倒角化处理对于升力的减小效应并非见于所有风向。     

Numerical Study on Wake Flow Field Characteristic of the Base-Bleed Unit under Fast Depressurization Process

Numerical analyses have been performed to study the influence of fast depressurization on the wake flow field of the base-bleed unit (BBU) with a secondary combustion when the base-bleed projectile is propelled out of the muzzle. Two-dimensional axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations for a multi-component chemically reactive system is solved by Fortran program to calculate the couplings of the internal flow field and wake flow field with consideration of the combustion of the base-bleed propellant and secondary combustion effect. Based on the comparison with the experiments, the unsteady variation mechanism and secondary combustion characteristic of wake flow field under fast depressurization process is obtained numerically. The results show that in the fast depressurization process, the variation extent of the base pressure of the BBU is larger in first 0.9 ms and then decreases gradually and after 1.5 ms, it remains basically stable. The pressure and temperature of the base-bleed combustion chamber experience the decrease and pickup process. Moreover, after the pressure and temperature decrease to the lowest point, the phenomenon that the external gases are flowing back into the base-bleed combustion chamber appears. Also, with the decrease of the initial pressure, the unsteady process becomes shorter and the temperature gradient in the base-bleed combustion chamber declines under the fast depressurization process, which benefits the combustion of the base-bleed propellant.     

Potential flow solutions for energy extracting actuator disc flows

The actuator disc is the oldest representation of a rotor, screw or propeller. Performance prediction is possible by applying momentum theory, giving integrated values for power and velocity. Computational fluid dynamics has provided much more flow details, but a full potential flow solution zooming in on these flow details was still absent. With the wake boundary discretized by vortex rings, flow states for energy extracting discs have been obtained for thrust coefficients up to 0.998. Boundary conditions are met with an accuracy of a few ‰. Results from momentum theory are confirmed. Most rotor design codes use momentum theory in annulus or differential form, assuming that the axial velocity v_x at the disc is uniform. However, the absolute velocity | v | is found to be uniform, and arguments for this are presented. The non‐uniformity of v_x is an inherent part of the flow solution caused by, in terms of momentum theory, the pressure acting at the annuli. This makes the annuli not independent from each other as assumed in current design codes. Although this was already known, it is now confirmed up to the highest thrust coefficients. Optimizing a rotor design should be carried out for the non‐uniform distribution of v_x. To enable this, an equation for the non‐uniformity as function of thrust and radial position is presented, being a surface‐fit to the calculated data. Qualitatively, the non‐uniform distribution does the same as the Prandtl–Glauert–Shen tip correction applied to a uniform distribution. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sludge Dewatering and Aggregate Formation Effects through Taylor Vortex Assisted Flocculation

Abstract

For polymer induced flocculation processes, the effects of flow patterns in a gap of a conical stirrer on aggregate formation and subsequent sludge dewatering efficiency were analysed. Different flow regimes were identified by lab scale investigations with model substances and summarized in a Ta and Re number plane. An enhancement of sludge dewaterability for polymer induced flocculation processes was identified through post‐treatment of flocculated sludge aggregates by the specific flow pattern of stable and wavy Taylor vortices. Photo‐optical image analysis of flocculated aggregates shows a clear change of aggregate size distribution with less small particles during aggregate forming by Taylor vortices compared to classical flocculation procedure by stirrer. Results from technical scale dewatering analyses confirmed enhancement of sludge dewatering efficiency for six different dewatering machines using the identified wavy and stable Taylor vortex flow pattern regime.     

Escape trajectories are deflected when fish larvae intercept their own C-start wake

Fish larvae may intercept their own wake during sharp turns, which might affect their escape performance. We analysed C-starts of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio, Hamilton, 1822) using a computational fluid dynamics approach that simulates free swimming (swimming trajectory is determined by fluid forces) by coupling hydrodynamics and body dynamics. The simulations show that fish may intercept their own wake when they turn by 100–180°. During stage 1 of a C-start, the fish generates a strong jet at the tail that is shed into the wake. During stage 2, the fish intercepts this wake. Counterfactual simulations showed that wake interception increased the lateral force on the fish and reduced the fish''s turning angle by more than 5°. Wake interception caused no significant acceleration tangential to the trajectory of the fish and did not affect total power output. While experimental and simulation evidence suggests that fish larvae can either undershoot or intercept but not overshoot their wake, our simulations show that larger fish might be able to avoid intercepting their wake by either under- or overshooting. As intercepting its own wake modifies the fish''s escape trajectory, fish should account for this effect when planning their escape route.     

气井涡流排水采气新技术及其应用

涡流排水采气技术是一项由中国石油天然气集团公司于2011年率先引进的排水采气新技术，既可应用于气井井下，也可应用于地面集输系统。为此，在论述了气井井下涡流排水采气的工艺原理、技术优点，工具组成、下入操作程序的基础上，总结了该技术在松辽盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地所取得的主要成果、经验与认识，并进一步提出了深入进行科研、试验与攻关的可行性建议。结论认为：应在总结升1-1、苏36-4-3等井试验经验的基础上，针对我国有水气田开发的实际情况，加强涡流排水采气工艺的适应性、影响因素及关键技术的研究，並从选井原则的合理确定、优化设计与座封方式、优化组合等方面入手，学习国外成功经验，进一步加快该项工艺技术在我国的推广应用步伐。     

Validation of a three-dimensional viscous–inviscid interactive solver for wind turbine rotors

MIRAS is a newly developed computational model that predicts the aerodynamic behavior of wind turbine blades and wakes subject to unsteady motions and viscous effects. The model is based on a three-dimensional panel method using a surface distribution of quadrilateral singularities with a Neumann no penetration condition. Viscous effects inside the boundary layer are taken into account through the coupling with the quasi-3D integral boundary layer solver Q³UIC. A free-wake model is employed to simulate the vorticity released by the blades in the wake. In this paper the new code is validated against measurements and/or CFD simulations for five wind turbine rotors, including three experimental model rotors [20–22], the 2.5 MW NM80 machine [23] and the NREL 5 MW virtual rotor [24]. Such a broad set of operational conditions and rotor sizes constitutes a very challenging validation matrix, with Reynolds numbers ranging from 5.0⋅10⁴ to 1.2⋅10⁷.     

A robust weakly compressible SPH method and its comparison with an incompressible SPH

This paper presents a comparative study for the weakly compressible (WCSPH) and incompressible (ISPH) smoothed particle hydrodynamics methods by providing numerical solutions for fluid flows over an airfoil and a square obstacle. Improved WCSPH and ISPH techniques are used to solve these two bluff body flow problems. It is shown that both approaches can handle complex geometries using the multiple boundary tangents (MBT) method, and eliminate particle clustering‐induced instabilities with the implementation of a particle fracture repair procedure as well as the corrected SPH discretization scheme. WCSPH and ISPH simulation results are compared and validated with those of a finite element method (FEM). The quantitative comparisons of WCSPH, ISPH and FEM results in terms of Strouhal number for the square obstacle test case, and the pressure envelope, surface traction forces, and velocity gradients on the airfoil boundaries as well as the lift and drag values for the airfoil geometry indicate that the WCSPH method with the suggested implementation produces numerical results as accurate and reliable as those of the ISPH and FEM methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Steady and transient inflow dynamics with actuator disk vortex theory

The actuator disk is a well‐known and widely used theoretical tool in wind engineering. This work proposes a new theory based on an actuator surface, capable of treating time‐varying vectorial load distributions and yaw/pitch misalignment. A simplified representation of vortex motion is used to arrive at a tractable problem. The theory is not restricted to disks; arbitrary coplanar (optionally disjoint) actuator surfaces may be modeled. Some of the theoretical novelties used in the modeling includes use of the fractional Laplacian and extensive use of the Fourier transform on . Promising experimental validation based on pitch‐step experiments at the Tjæreborg turbine is furnished. Comparisons are also made to existing methodologies. Analysis and numerical work shows that the model encapsulates Coleman's vortex theory.