浅谈不同时期南非政府办公建筑的发展特征

南非的社会发展经历了殖民主义统治时期，种族主义统治时期和民主政府统治时期3个历史阶段。社会体制的变化深深影响了南非建筑的发展。尤其体现在政府办公建筑的形式上，本文按照历史发展的顺序，通过列举实例的方式，分别对这3个时期政府办公建筑的风格与布局牲进行了的探讨。     

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位于准噶尔盆地腹部的陆梁油气田是准噶尔盆地的又一个亿吨级油气田。笔者运用地球化学方法分析了陆梁油气田石炭纪—早白垩世地层水的类型、平面和纵向分布特征，将其划分为3个水文地质旋回，第一旋回为石炭系—三叠系，为深层静止开放的滞流型水力系统；第二旋回为侏罗系八道湾组—西山窑组，为中层弱开放的压实驱动型水力系统；第三旋回为侏罗系头屯河组—白垩系，为浅层强开放的重力驱动型水力系统。第一、二水文地质旋回是油气生成和初次运移的有利时期，淋滤期前的一段时间是油气二次运移和成藏的较好时期，第三水文地质旋回是油气藏破坏及次生油气藏形成的时期。     

Marmaray project: Tunnels and stations in BC contract

Istanbul is one of the most famous historical cities in the world. However, the project alignment selected as the best of a range of alignments cannot avoid passing beneath the historical and cultural heritages of Istanbul as well as under ancient and densely inhabited areas of the city. This paper will explain some of the challenges related to the bored tunnels.

Historical buildings are vulnerable. Yet many existing residential and office buildings are old and constructed on minimal foundations. As a consequence, it is vital that any drawdown of groundwater and any ground settlements have to be minimized.

In addition, the connection between the immersed and bored tunnels will be made directly and totally underground, without the usual intermediate shafts and beneath the deep waters of the Bosphorus Strait. This operation needs the utmost control of the tunnel excavation face to ensure its stability and to minimize water ingress. Based on such considerations, tunnel excavation by tunnel boring machine (TBM) using a slurry shield and having the ability to operate under high pore pressures was recommended as the method of excavation for the main running tunnels.

The paper will explain how the design team from Avrasyaconsult – the Employer’s Representative – arrived at the final minimum, specific and functional requirements of the bored tunneling works which are to be carried out using the ‘FIDIC EPC/Turnkey Project’ conditions.     

Benchmarking of electricity networks: Practical problems with its use for regulation

Benchmarking is a technique derived for management purposes, intended to identify outliers in any population as possible problems for resolution. Several regulatory agencies have tried to use benchmarking to define the degree of inefficiency of regulated companies, by reference to some target or frontier. This paper identifies the main problem inherent in trying to adapt a management technique to a regulatory purpose – namely that it requires the exercise of subjective judgements. The resulting lack of predictability and objectivity is not conducive to the provision of efficient regulatory incentives.This paper explains where subjective judgement enters into regulatory applications of benchmarking, which is not always apparent. The choice of model and selection of data sets are two obvious areas, but the main problem arises over the assumption that any costs not explained by the model must be due to inefficiency. Such assumptions are simply unsupported by evidence and lead to cost targets (or cost reduction targets defined over several years) that are little better than subjective guesses. There are other, superior ways to set cost reduction targets, based on long-term trends in total factor productivity for the regulated sector, which are used in the US and in other countries. However, some regulators feel obliged to use benchmarking and the paper concludes with recommendations as to how benchmarking should support further and more objective investigations into the costs of regulated utilities.     

鄂北地区气测现场解释评价研究

鄂尔多斯盆地鄂北地区现场气测录井由于受多种因素影响,解释符合率相对较低。针对这一问题,在探讨影响气测录井显示因素、识别气测异常的基础上,分析了消除影响因素的途径和校正公式,建立了随钻全烃与全脱全烃的关系式,论述了地面和地层含气量计算方法。在初步评价气显示性质条件下,经统计分析得出了应用4参数——峰面积、校正全烃值、全烃计算值和地层含气量加权分值的解释评价标准,为鄂北地区气测录井解释评价和产能的初步预测探索了一种新模式,不但解决了鄂北地区气测解释符合率低的问题,而且对于深入开展气测录井参数与油气解释评价研究具有一定的参考意义。     

浅议高校校园中水回用工艺

分析了高校校园中水回用的必要性,对位于市区和郊区新建高校提出了有针对性的校园中水回用工艺,并对中水回用项目的效益进行了探讨.     

金属矿山深热矿井空气温度的灰色预测

金属矿山深热矿井气温的预测计算是一个难题，本文探讨了应用灰色系统预测理论来解决这一难题的新途径，并通过实例验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

Electrical properties at p-ZnSe/metal interfaces

In order to prepare low resistance ohmic contacts to p-ZnSn by the “deposition and annealing (DA)” technique which has been extensively used for GaAs and Si-based devices, formation of a heavily doped layer by the p-ZnSe/metal reaction is required. For p-ZnSe/Ni contacts, Ni and Se reacted preferentially at the ZnSe/Ni interface upon annealing at temperatures higher than 250°C. However, capacitance-voltage measurements showed that the net acceptor concentration (N_A-N_D) close to the p-ZnSe/Ni interface was reduced upon the Ni/ZnSe reaction, resulting in high contact resistance. For p-ZnSe/Au contacts, neither Au/ZnSe reaction nor reduction of the acceptor concentration were observed after annealing at temperatures lower than 300°C. This indicates that although the metal/p-ZnSe reaction is mandatory to prepare a heavily doped layer, the reaction induced an increase in the compensation donors in the p-ZnSe substrate. In order to increase the acceptor concentration in the vicinity of the p-ZnSe/metal interface through diffusion from the contact materials, Li or O which was reported to play the role of an acceptor in ZnSe was deposited with a contact metal and annealed at elevated temperatures. Ni or Ag was selected as the contact metal, because these metals were expected to enhance Li or O doping by reacting with ZnSe. However, the current density-voltage characteristics of the Li(N)/Ni and Ag(O) contacts exhibited rectifying behavior, and the contact resistances increased with increasing annealing temperature. The present results indicated that, even though the acceptor concentration in the p-ZnSe substrate increased by diffusion of the dopants from the contact elements, an increment of the compensation donors was larger than that of the acceptors. The present experiments indicated that preparation of low resistance ohmic contacts by forming a heavily doped intermediate layer between p-ZnSe and metal is extremely difficult by the DA technique.     

工业发酵的生物学属性对发酵过程最优控制的制约与对策

从工业发酵过程计算机控制的历史和现状出发，探讨了工业发酵过程的生物学属性对发酵过程最优化控制的制约，以及解决这个难题的对策。在论证了工业发酵具有明显的生物学属性的基础上，阐明了发酵的生物学原理及其在发酵过程最优化控制中应用的重要性。     

Dyestuff—fibre interactions

The strength and nature of dye–fibre interactions vary according to fibre type and dye type. In the case of acid dyes for polyamide fibres, cationic dyes for acrylic fibres, disperse dyes for hydrophobic fibres, and direct dyes for cellulosic fibres, these interactions may be classified as non-covalent, a classification which includes van der Waals (VDW), electrostatic, induction, solvophobic and charge-transfer interactions.
Reactive dyes are a notable exception to the above, since the interaction which is responsible for their excellent wet fastness is the dye–fibre covalent bond, however, these dyes are increasingly viewed as environmentally unfriendly due to high salt usage and residual unfixed colour. This situation may be improved by either incorporating amine sites in the cellulose or by reversing the system to incorporate reactive residues in the fibre and nucleophilic sites in the dye.
Nonionic disperse dyes are valuable for hydrophobic fibres such as polyester but have made little impact on hydrophilic fibres such as silk, wool and cotton. Experiments to develop simple treatments to render the latter fibres disperse dyeable are described and the combined role of solvophobic and – interactions discussed.