Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Pool Dissolution as a Function of Average Pore Water Velocity

Bench-scale reactor experiments were performed to study the dissolution of a binary naphthalene-in-nonane mixture nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) pool over a wide range of average pore water velocities, vx (≈0.1–60 m/day). Experimental NAPL pool dissolution flux values were determined using a steady-state mass balance approach. The experimental flux data were compared to model predictions made assuming either local equilibrium or mass-transfer limited conditions. The local equilibrium model could describe the trends in the average effluent concentration and dissolution flux with 0.110?m/day. Data determined to be under mass-transfer limited conditions were fit to the nonequilibrium model to estimate values for an overall mass-transfer coefficient. The calculated overall mass-transfer coefficients had an average value of 0.407 m/day and showed no correlation with vx, probably due to mass-transfer resistance becoming dominated by the diffusional resistance in the NAPL. These results suggest that the nonequilibrium approach is better suited for describing high velocity (vx>10?m/day) dissolution of multicomponent NAPL pools, and that flushing of groundwater at very high velocities may not be an effective approach for enhancing NAPL-pool dissolution flux.     

Assessing pre- and post-deformation in the southern Arava Valley segment of the Dead Sea Transform, Israel by differential interferometry

Differential radar interferometry, using archived ERS data over the region of the Dead Sea Transform, allows to detect ground movement (subsidence or uplift) in playas within the southern Arava Valley segment of the Dead Sea Rift. These measurements are consistent with a mean displacement rate of about 0.4 cm/month, in the direction of the radar beam, during the 8-month period preceding the Nuweiba earthquake of 22 November 1995. In the 3 years following the earthquake, the measured rate was smaller by a factor of 10. These movements are not related to salt diapirs or water pumping activities in the area. The exact location, along faults, suggests a possible correlation with pre-seismic and post-seismic fault deformation.A simple fault model consistent with the observed phenomena associates the observed subsidence/uplift to right and left stepping en-echelon fault patterns related to inter-seismic tensional accumulation along the faults. Further observations are necessary on this site and similar fault areas to corroborate the correlation between seismic activity and the observed phenomena. Monitoring of these sites should continue with differential Global positioning system (GPS) measurements and radar interferometric analysis using Envisat and Radarsat as well as archived data (including J-ERS).     

Determination of the total concentration and speciation of Al(III) in tea infusions

The aluminium species in different tea infusions were investigated, by determining their stability constants and concentration. This was done for some particular samples using a simple experimental method based on the sorption of aluminium on the strongly sorbing resin Chelex 100, by a batch procedure. From the thermodynamic information obtained it is possible to calculate the concentration of the different species, and in particular that of the free metal ion, which is very important for evaluating the adsorption of aluminium on biological membranes. It was found that aluminium in the tea infusions here considered is present at high total concentration, approximately 0.1 mM, but mainly linked to strong complexes, for instance with side reaction coefficient higher than 10(5.11) at pH 3.95 in one case (tea 1). This could be the reason for the low toxicity of aluminium in tea. These strong complexes were not dissociated even in the presence of Chelex 100. In this case only a limiting value of the reaction coefficient could be evaluated. The presence of the very strong complexes was found in all the tea sample here considered. In two of the considered samples (one black and one green tea) a part of Al(III) was linked to less strong complexes, for example with a reaction coefficient 10(4.14) (tea 2, pH 4.20). The presence in the considered tea infusions of other substances able to complex aluminium was also detected, by the well known ligand titration procedure, at concentration ranging from 0.65 to 3.37 mM in three tea infusions, and at somewhat higher concentration in the case of the ready drink, which was also considered for comparison.     

厦门市气源转换的技术分析

分析了气源转换时原有输配系统的管道、调压设备、计量设备、用气设备与天然气系统相适应的问题，提出了相应的措施。     

用常规电阻率测井资料确定水淹层的剩余油饱和度

油田综合含水越来越高，利用电阻率测井资料确定地层的剩余油饱和度变得非常困难。针对这一问题，提出了确定地层水民阻率和含油饱和度的方法。（１）利用已知的地怪水分析资料，采用井下自然电位刻度，井间对经和双自然电位一方法来示准地层水混合电阻率，然后利用相邻井相同地层的电阻率对比方法求含水饱和度。（２）利用电阻率的横向探测特性，避开阿尔奇公式中ｍ、ａ选择上的困难，采用横向法计算水淹层目前的含水饱和度。利用以     

隆德县大水沟饮水工程建设与管理措施分析

隆德县在大水沟农村饮水工程建设管理中，科学规划，优化设计方案，完善政策措施，创新管理体制和运行机制，尤其是用水户全过程参与工程建设管理、实行“两部制”水价、实施工程定期检查养护制度、建立工程管理单位目标责任考核制度、执行水费统一管理和提留统筹费等一系列做法．确保了国家投资效益的充分发挥和工程的可持续利用．     

DFMC在水利机械产品开发中的应用研究

分析了DFMC(大规模定制设计)关键技术及相关技术,提出了运用该项技术开发产品企业应作好的前期准备,研究了水利机械产品"大型移动启闭机"的定制开发。     

高炉冲渣水在采暖工程中的应用

随着我国经济的迅速发展,能源消耗不断增加,节约能源、降低能源消耗势在必行,余热利用是节约能源的一个重要环节,冶金行业高炉冲渣水作为采暖热媒可以节约大量能源。     

不停车清洗预膜在2号高炉净循环水系统的应用

循环冷却水系统长期运行过程中，由于多种因素影响，管道、阀门、水泵等设备产生结垢和腐蚀，为使水系统保持长期正常运行，减缓腐蚀结垢速度，需投加杀菌剂和阻垢缓蚀剂，2a进行一次清洗和预膜。主要介绍了2号高炉净循环水系统不停车清洗预膜的步骤、效果，并推荐在工况相似循环水系统中参考应用。     

Monitoring water quality in reservoirs with IRS-1A-LISS-I

An attempt has been made to quantify the relationship between the variation in IRS-IA-LISS-I (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1A Linear Imaging Self-Scanning System) radiance data and field measured change in secchi disc depth. Secchi disc depth was measured for 47 predetermined sampling locations on reservoir surface water. At extinction depth (secchi depth), water samples were collected from all the sampling locations. Suspended sediments of eight locations representing various reaches of the reservoir were selected for mineralogical, particle size and optical properties analysis. The LISS-I radiance value in band 1 (0.45–0.52µm) band 2 (0-52–0.59 µm) and band 3 (0.62–0.68 µm) were used in a regression analysis. The absorption infrared band 4 (0.77–0.86 µm) was not included in the analysis. In these, the dependable variable was secchi depth (SD) and the LISS-I-radiance data was the estimator variable. Forty-seven data sets of 20 October 1988 from Tawa reservoir surface water were used to obtain an estimator equation for SD. The verification of the estimator equation was tested by applying it to a data set of 21 measurements of 28 September 1988 for this reservoir. The coefficient of correlation between observed and estimated values for the 28 September 1988 data set wasr=0.92 for SD, indicating that the equation could accurately predict the water clarity (SD) for this reservoir on new occasions from IRS-IA-LISS-I spectral data. It is shown that mineral composition and optical properties of suspended sediments influence the reflected radiance of water quality. It is concluded that IRS-IA-LISS-I data provide a useful means of mapping water quality in reservoir.