尾煤泥水煤浆高效制浆工艺在临涣选煤厂的应用

分析了临涣选煤厂浮选尾煤的性质及成浆性。为了把高粘性尾煤泥滤饼制备成水煤浆，研制了循环剪切桶和剪切泵。实践证明，浮选尾煤泥可以制备出浓度高、稳定时间长和流变性好的水煤浆。研制的制浆设备结构紧凑、电耗低、效率高。笔者介绍了该设备的结构、工作原理以及制浆生产线。     

循环冷却水处理新化学药剂的发展

随着水资源的日益紧张和排放标准的日益严格,要求循环冷却水处理药剂能适应高硬度、高碱度、高氯离子、高有机污染的需要,本文介绍的国外的新型药剂－－聚氨基聚醚基甲叉膦酸、膦酰基羧酸、聚天冬氨酸、过氧乙酸、４,５－二氯－２－正丁基－４－异噻啉丁酮等具有优良的阻垢和杀菌作用,并且对环境友好。     

Effect of cation exchange on the distribution and movement of cations in soils with variable charge. I. Effect of lime on potassium and magnesium exchange equilibria

The influence of Ca(OH)₂ on K and Mg exchange equilibria in three New Zealand soils was studied. Calcium hydroxide was mixed with each soil to raise the pH to about 6 or 7. For each Ca(OH)₂ treatment, K and Mg exchange isotherms were determined, from which the equilibrium activity ratios were derived. Exchange coefficients and solution activity ratios were calculated according to the Gapon convention.The addition of Ca(OH)₂ produced varying effects in the Gapon exchange coefficient for both K and Mg. The magnitude and direction of change in the exchange coefficient were related to the cation initially dominating the exchange sites, rate of Ca(OH)₂ addition, soil colloids contributing to the CEC and specific interactions of Ca with these soil colloids.Addition of Ca(OH)₂ reduced the equilibrium activity ratio of all soils. Changes in the bonding strength of K and Mg with increasing CEC were suggested as a possible mechanism for this decrease.     

垂直管内弹状气泡上升中壁面传递的实验研究

垂直管内弹状流壁面传递是诸多工业应用中需研究的重要问题之一。今用极限扩散电流技术,对弹状气泡上升时瞬时壁面剪应力和传质系数进行了测定,结果显示:当基于表观气速的Froude数FrG < 0.74时,壁面剪应力随弹状气泡和液塞的到来呈现方向相反的交替变化,壁面传质系数亦相应变化;而当FrG > 0.74时,剪应力方向一直向下,说明液膜向下流动,且弹状气泡和液塞的到来对壁面传质系数的影响很小。这说明下落液膜射流穿透了液塞段,控制了整个壁面传递过程。研究还对下落液膜区、尾迹区及液塞段的不同传递特征及机理进行了分析, 并结合气泡塔熔融结晶器中弹状气泡上升时的传热,对结晶操作条件的合理选择进行了讨论。     

厌氧发酵处理味精废水中氯离子的影响

在3L 的CSTR 型厌氧反应器中研究了味精废水厌氧处理中氯离子毒性的反应。试验证明,已中毒的厌氧过程只要Cl~-浓度降至抑制限以下,厌氧过程就可在15～20d 内恢复,在恢复期间加入新污泥有利于恢复过程。保持足够大的SRT 和污泥浓度对于处理含有毒物的废水很有效。对本研究,SRT 得大于20d,污泥浓度在15～24g/L 左右就可达到较好的处理效率。Cl~-的抑制浓度对污泥浓度分别为24.28g/L,15.18g/L 和6.07g/L 时,Cl~-的抑制浓度分别是7750mg/L,7250mg/L和6300mg/L。此外,本文提出以I=S_(Cl)/X_v~n作为判断Cl~-抑制的指标。当COD 去除率大于80%时,n=0.1519。因此,要使过程的COD 去除率分别大于80%,85%和90%时,I 就得分别小于4.7,4.1和3.6。并且污泥浓度必须大于6.07g/L。     

复合材料夹层结构产品固化变形分析

本文讨论产生复合材料产品固化变形的主要原因是树脂收缩引起的各方向上不同的线膨胀系数具体分析了复合材料夹层结构的的固化变形，经技术上的改进解决了固化变形，以满足产品的设计要求。     

Water-saving strategies for irrigation agriculture in Saudi Arabia

Agriculture policy changes in Saudi Arabia are investigated by water footprint (WF) assessment. WF is calculated with the model SPARE:WATER for 3758 irrigated sites. The WF of agriculture areas (WF_area, km³ yr^?1) has decreased (–17%) since the year 2000 to 13.84 km³ yr^?1 (2011), which is mainly caused by the reduction of cropland by –33%. Nevertheless, water consumption per field has increased about 16%, which can be attributed to the cultivation of fodder crops (+12%). A scenario analysis revealed that a shifting cropping pattern towards less fodder crops reduces WF_area by –15%, and implementing improved irrigation technology leads to a combined reduction of up to 32%     

Desalination and the commons: tragedy or triumph?

A policy is more likely to be economically efficient when its costs and benefits fall on the same group, but politicians can allocate costs and benefits to different groups within their jurisdictional commons. This article examines the distribution of costs and benefits from desalination projects using examples from San Diego, Almería and Riyadh. The examples illustrate how mismatches between costs and benefits can persist or change as politicians adjust the policy portfolio to balance inefficiency and political risk.     

大潮差河口闸下水流的流动特性分析

福建数座河口水闸发生剧烈淘刷,闸上游和下游的最大冲刷深度达到闸室高度的0.5~1.2倍,且屡修屡毁。有的水闸经多次除险加固后,不得不再花巨资重建。通过数学模型和物理模型揭示了河口水闸下游水位因受东海大潮差海潮影响发生剧烈波动时的变化规律,发现了水闸泄流过程中的间歇性淹没及非常工况甚至出现逆流的独特流动现象,给出了典型日孔流及堰流泄流能力动态变化过程线,分析了消能工变化对闸址水流结构的显著影响,并对水闸水毁修复前后闸下冲刷进行了预测。结果表明:水闸修复前闸下涨急最高水位4.53 m,修复后下降0.67 m,水闸修复后逆流现象减弱。修复后首次水跃位置往上游移动了35 m,平均水跃高度下降47.46%,闸后及二级池末端最大流速2.27 m/s和0.08 m/s,较修复前分别下降了40.58%和96.48%。常遇泄流条件下,水闸的淹没度和泄流能力呈现不断变化的动态过程。当西溪水闸62#先启孔全开,上游保持正常高水位3.2 m,下游为最低潮位-0.72 m时,修复后最大冲刷深度减少64.48%,消能防冲效果十分明显。研究成果对河口水闸安全运行具有一定的参考价值。     

大面积水域浓度场测试方法及系统研究

针对大面积水域浓度场难以实现实时测量、测量精度不高等问题,采用了一种多通道荧光测试系统和方法。首先,基于单色光诱导荧光检测浓度(LIF)原理,使用探头获取离散点的浓度参数。然后,经总线或通信网络技术,将数百个测点连接起来。最后,通过数据总线或网络将采集的数据输送到中央测控计算机中,处理离散的数据后形成完整的浓度场。在恒定流浓度场中的试验结果表明,污染物测量相对误差均值不超过5%,单次测量相对误差最高值为8.33%,传感器线性度不超过5%,可检测的荧光素钠溶液浓度分辨率为0.001 ppm,系统测量稳定、精度较高。相较于其他浓度测量方法,该系统具有测量面积大、实时测量的优势,可为水污染防治等领域提供可靠的技术支撑。