Monitoring water quality in reservoirs with IRS-1A-LISS-I

An attempt has been made to quantify the relationship between the variation in IRS-IA-LISS-I (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1A Linear Imaging Self-Scanning System) radiance data and field measured change in secchi disc depth. Secchi disc depth was measured for 47 predetermined sampling locations on reservoir surface water. At extinction depth (secchi depth), water samples were collected from all the sampling locations. Suspended sediments of eight locations representing various reaches of the reservoir were selected for mineralogical, particle size and optical properties analysis. The LISS-I radiance value in band 1 (0.45–0.52µm) band 2 (0-52–0.59 µm) and band 3 (0.62–0.68 µm) were used in a regression analysis. The absorption infrared band 4 (0.77–0.86 µm) was not included in the analysis. In these, the dependable variable was secchi depth (SD) and the LISS-I-radiance data was the estimator variable. Forty-seven data sets of 20 October 1988 from Tawa reservoir surface water were used to obtain an estimator equation for SD. The verification of the estimator equation was tested by applying it to a data set of 21 measurements of 28 September 1988 for this reservoir. The coefficient of correlation between observed and estimated values for the 28 September 1988 data set wasr=0.92 for SD, indicating that the equation could accurately predict the water clarity (SD) for this reservoir on new occasions from IRS-IA-LISS-I spectral data. It is shown that mineral composition and optical properties of suspended sediments influence the reflected radiance of water quality. It is concluded that IRS-IA-LISS-I data provide a useful means of mapping water quality in reservoir.     

建设资源节约型企业的实践

介绍了中国铝业贵州分公司在能源统计和管理、节能技术改造、资源综合利用和清洁生产方面所采取的措施和取得的效果。     

Enrichment of slightly concentrated tritiated water by electrolysis using a palladium cathode coated on ionic solid polymer membrane—Design and results

In nuclear installations, tritiated water is generally produced in the process of detritiation of air circulating in the glove boxes. The goal of this work concerns enrichment of this tritiated water at low concentration by electrolysis. The choice of this electrolyzer was dictated by the passivity of selected materials to the radiolysis in low-level tritiated water and the selectivity of the method avoiding further elimination of tritiated water and moisture before release in environment. According to the results, it is feasible to treat non-negligible volume of low-level tritiated water using a cathodic palladium membrane coated on an ionic solid polymer membrane. Presence of a palladium black deposit on the palladium membrane improves effectiveness. Enrichment in tritiated water depends on the isotopic separation factor, thereby the current and the permeability values.     

A structure/function study of polyaminoamide dendrimers as silica scale growth inhibitors

Dendrimers have attracted immense attention during the last decade due to their interesting properties both from a basic and an applied research viewpoint. Encapsulation of metal nanoparticles for catalysis, drug delivery and light harvesting are only some applications of dendrimers that are breaking new ground. A novel application of dendrimer technology is described in the present paper that relates to industrial water treatment. Industrial water systems often suffer from undesirable inorganic deposits. These can form either in the bulk or on metallic surfaces, such as heat exchangers or pipelines. Silica (SiO₂) scale formation and deposition is a major problem in high‐silica‐containing cooling waters. Scale prevention rather than removal is highly desired. In this paper, benchtop screening tests on various silica inhibition chemistries are reported, with emphasis on materials with a dendrimeric structure. Specifically, the inhibition properties of commercially available STARBURST^® polyaminoamide (PAMAM) dendrimers generations 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 are investigated in detail together with other commonly‐used scale inhibitors. Experimental results show that inhibition efficiency largely depends on structural features of PAMAM dendrimers such as generation number and nature of the end groups. PAMAM dendrimers are effective inhibitors of silica scale growth at 40 ppm dosage levels. PAMAM dendrimers also act as silica nucleators, forming SiO₂–PAMAM composites. This occurs because the SiO₂ formed by incomplete inhibition interacts with cationic PAMAM‐1 and ‐2. The general scope of silica formation and inhibition in industrial waters is also discussed. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Analysis of low load transients for the Vandellòs-II NPP: Application to operation and control support

The Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) has been jointly working with the Asociación Nuclear Ascó-Vandellòs (ANAV) for a number of years in order to establish, qualify and use best estimate (BE) models for the reactors under the control of ANAV. ANAV is the consortium that is responsible for operation of the Ascó and Vandellòs-II reactors. The reactors are Westinghouse-design three-loop PWRs with an approximate electrical power of 1000 MW. The existing integral plant models for each plant are currently used for many different purposes among which are support of plant operation and control. Quite a number of studies have been done in order to improve both safety and plant competitiveness. Most of these dynamic analyses were carried out in relation to transients starting at nominal full power or at least, very close to full power. This paper develops a specific use of the Vandellòs-II plant model for operation and control support at low power involving new ranges of system actuation parameters. It also examines scenarios that are somewhat different from those typically analysed. The study starts showing the results of an assessment case, which is a start-up test and provides some additional qualification, and subsequently attempts to establish calculations to support both an improvement in feed water controls and to set up operating recommendations for low-load manual operation of feed water turbo-pump. Both results hopefully, will produce an outcome, which leads to an improvement in safety and reduces reactor trip probability.     

标准型直燃机在严寒地区应用探讨

介绍了标准型直燃机的分类、原理及长庆至呼和浩特输气管道工程冷冻供热站的设计实例 ,重点论述了标准型直燃机在严寒地区使用的利弊     

武钢6#高炉煤气洗涤水处理新思路

武钢6#高炉煤气洗涤水在已有的经验基础上,引进了项目总承包方式的运作。总结了药剂选择、使用量的确定、工业性试验的效果、半年多来的实际运行成果,为外协技术项目今后采用总承包方式的运作提供了初步的经验。     

变频调速供水设备在工矿企业给水方面的应用探讨

为把工矿企业供水提高到节能安全可靠性程度上,讨论应用变频调速技术的节能效果,对比恒压变量与变压变量两种方式的节能效果进行对比分析.     

北京城市供水安全及对策研究

“十一五”期间是首都经济社会快速发展的关键时期，也是应对水资源紧缺、保障供水安全的关键时期。确保首都供水安全是北京水务工作的第一要务，北京市水务局针对城市供水存在的主要矛盾和问题，对城市供水水源、水质水量、水厂、管网、设施等情况进行了全面调查，确定了工作思路，并据此提出了保障城市供水安全的目标和措施。     

Monitoring non-carbonated (‘still’) mineral waters for aerobic colonization

Fifty samples each of two leading brands of French, non-carbonated (‘still’) mineral waters, packed in plastic bottles, were stored in the dark for one month at approximately 20°C to allow marked proliferation of their autotrophic microbial flora. Upon completion of this challenge test 1250 ml per bottle were filtered through five membranes, which were subsequently cultured on 1/10 strength nutrient agar for 48 h at a temperature favouring the growth of thermotrophic organisms only, i.e. 42 ± 0.5°C. The numbers of colonies per one litre were below 10³ in all samples and did not exceed 200 in 56–80%, depending on the brand. Identification of the isolates demonstrated strong inhibition of the psychrotrophic. Gram-negative types, predominating in the association flora of stored still waters and preponderance of Gram-positive, catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic cocci. Consequently, a Reference Value for the thermotrophic autotrophic colony count per 1 ml in still, commercial mineral waters of the order m = 1 and M = 5 seems justified. It is emphasized that, besides examining for these trivial organism, the usual tests for marker bacteria (Escherichia coli and Lancefield group D streptococci) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa should always be carried out.