古代徽州堨坝建设管理

堨坝是徽州的主要灌溉工程,早在1700年前的东晋时期就开始修建,绝大多数至今仍在发挥蓄水灌溉的效益,是宝贵的灌溉工程遗产。本文介绍了古代堨坝建设的资金、投劳筹措及灌溉水费的摊派和管理等制度,有助于人们了解古代徽州的水利建设与管理。     

洋河二灌区二期节水灌溉工程可行性分析

以北京及周边地区共同可持续发展为目标,研究了洋河二灌区的水利工程现状和目前存在的主要问题,从经济评价、社会影响和环境影响评价的角度分析了灌区建设节水灌溉工程的可行性.     

Fermented beverage obtained from hydroSOStainable pistachios

Currently, consumers increasingly demand healthy foods, such as “vegetable drinks” made from nuts and cereals. In this scenario, the potential use of pistachios, grown under conventional and regulated deficit irrigation conditions (hydroSOStainable), to prepare fermented beverages was evaluated. This work addressed three important aspects: (i) water savings, (ii) use of noncommercial products, and (iii) expansion of the offer of vegetable drinks. Two commercial cultures of lactic acid bacteria (MA400 and MY800) and two sugars (glucose and fructose) were tested. Fermented drinks were evaluated by analyzing the following parameters: microbial counts, pH, titratable acidity, CIE (L^*, a^*, and b^*) color, and total fatty acid, volatile and sensory profiles; all parameters were evaluated at 1, 15, and 30 days of cold storage (4 °C). Pistachio-based beverages proved to be excellent substrates for the growth and survival of lactic acid bacteria. The fatty acid profile was not affected by the studied factors. However, the volatile profile was more complex for the treatments conventional-MY800 (80 µg/L) and hydroSOS-MA400 (72 µg/L). HydroSOS beverages fermented with MA400 culture were less sour and had higher intensity of umami and pistachio flavor; however, hydroSOS pistachios fermented with MY800 culture had lower pistachio odor intensity. All tested factors can be considered suitable for the preparation of fermented pistachios-based beverages, considering both technological and quality aspects.     

基于聚类与主成分分析的城市节水型社会建设差异性分析

为明晰节水型社会试点城市下阶段的建设重点以及为后续试点城市提供经验,分别分析了16个节水型社会试点城市节水型社会建设的前一年、建设试点期结束的后一年及2015年的差异性,构建了城市类型和节水型社会建设影响因素两个指标体系,采用聚类分析法将16个试点城市分为A、B、C三类,应用主成分分析法得到各类城市节水型社会建设的主要影响因素。除污水情况和供用水公共设施建设对所有类型城市影响较大外,对于A类城市,生活社会规模的影响较大,农业社会规模的影响可不予考虑;农业、工业社会规模对B类城市影响较大;农业社会规模和城市环境绿化对C类城市影响较大。     

坡体表面点转动方位测定仪的研制及其应用

坡体表面点转动方位能有效揭示滑坡变形演化过程,为此自主研发了坡体表面点转动方位测定仪,实现了点转动方位定量测量.同时,构建黄土滑坡物理模拟试验,分别在滑坡体后缘、中部以及前缘地表布设2个测定仪.试验过程中采用连续长时的灌水方式来模拟灌溉水入渗对边坡变形的影响,进一步揭示了滑坡孕育过程中多点转动方位响应特征变化规律.试验...     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定黑龙江省主要粮食产区灌溉水中27种元素

目的 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定黑龙江省主要粮食产区灌溉水中27 种元素,初步了解黑龙江省内灌溉用水元素分布情况。方法 水样经0.45 μm滤膜过滤后,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪 ( inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometer, ICP-MS ) 进行分析, 利用碰撞/反应池技术消除干扰。结果 该方法线性良好, 相关系数r均大于0.999。方法检出限0.0001~0.56 μg/L, 定量限0.00033~1.86667 μg/L。各元素加标回收率在84.1%~104.9%之间, 测定结果相对标准偏差RSD在0.23%~4.5%之间。结论 该方法简单、快速、准确,适用于灌溉用水中多元素测定。     

堆浸雾化布液与滴淋布液的比较

布液是堆浸浸出工艺中的重要环节之一。我国目前采用堰塘灌溉式、喷淋器、滴淋式等3种布液方式,但都存在一定缺陷。为此,研究开发了全新的雾化布液技术及相应的雾化器,并用铀矿石模拟矿堆,对雾化布液与布液效果相对较好的滴淋布液进行了实验比较。实验结果表明,在相同的实验条件下,雾化布液均匀性好,浸出液平均铀浓度比滴淋布液高4．1％,65 d时浸卅率比滴淋布液高3．4个百分点。雾化布液因其可提高浸出液金属浓度、缩短浸出时间、降低生产成本而具有推广价值。     

高等学校建筑节水技术措施探讨

我国是世界上严重缺水的国家之一,水资源的缺乏将会严重制约经济的发展。为促进水资源的可持续利用,我国将节约用水作为基本国策。本文根据对福州大学城几所高等学校在节水方面的调查,发现其中存在的问题,并就节水问题提出一些合理化建议。     

Flow behaviour analysis and experimental investigation for emitter micro-channels

The existing research of the flow behavior in emitter micro-channels mainly focuses on the single-phase flow behavior.And the recent micro-particle image velocimetry(PIV) experimental research on the flow characteristics in various micro-channels mainly focuses on the single-phase fluid flow.However,using an original-size emitter prototype to perform the experiments on the two-phase flow characteristics of the labyrinth channels is seldom reported.In this paper,the practical flow of water,mixed with sand escaped from filtering,in the labyrinth channel,is investigated.And some research work on the clogging mechanism of the labyrinth channel’s structure is conducted.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) analysis has been performed on liquid-solid two-phase flow in labyrinth-channel emitters.Based on flow visualization technology-micro-PIV,the flow in labyrinth channel has been photographed and recorded.The path line graph and velocity vector graph are obtained through the post-treatment of experimental results.The graphs agree well with CFD analysis results,so CFD analysis can be used in optimal design of labyrinth-channel emitters.And the optimized anti-clogging structures of the rectangular channel and zigzag channel have been designed here.The CFD numerical simulation and the micro-PIV experiments analysis on labyrinth-channel emitter,make the "black box" of the flow behavior in the emitter channel broken.Furthermore,the proposed research promotes an advanced method to evaluate the emitter’s performance and can be used to conducting the optimal design of the labyrinth-channel emitters.     

Long-term impacts of pasture irrigation with treated sewage effluent on nutrient status of a sandy soil in Zimbabwe

Declining freshwater resources and the need to safely dispose wastewater have led to a rapid increase in wastewater reuse in developing countries. However, empirical evidence on the effects of effluent-irrigation on soil fertility is limited. The study investigated the nutrient status of a sandy soil after 26 years of effluent irrigation. Soil samples from effluent-irrigated and non-irrigated sites were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), total and plant available forms of N and P, exchangeable bases and trace metals. Analysis of effluent quality showed that, besides Cr and Cd, all measured parameters were within acceptable limits for wastewater irrigation. Our results revealed that effluent-irrigation significantly (P < 0.05) enriched the soil with essential nutrients for plant growth, which are commonly deficient in most soils of Zimbabwe. Effluent-irrigated soils had significantly (P < 0.05) higher pH, EC, SOC, total and available N and P and, exchangeable Ca and Mg at 0–30 cm-depth. However, apart from Cr accumulation, effluent irrigation significantly (P < 0.05) depleted Zn, Cu and Cd probably due to plant uptake and enhanced mobility under acidic soil pH. Cr accumulation and depletion and mobility of Zn, Cu and Cd in effluent-irrigated soils could threaten the sustainability of the practice. We recommend a review of the current management practices based on crop water requirements, effluent quality and environmental considerations.