Estimation of Width and Depth of the Wetted Soil Volume Under a Surface Emitter,Considering Root Water-Uptake and Evaporation

A cylindrical flow model that describes local infiltration from a surface point source, by incorporating evaporation and water extraction by roots, was used to obtain numerical results that were the base for the development and testing of an empirical method for determining the surface and vertical components of the wetting front. The implementation of the mathematical model took place against two of the twelve USDA soil classes, using three water application rates for each one. The empirical methodology consisted of two simple, time dependent empirical relationships: a power law for the stage of the infiltration, which was applied in both directions and a polynomial for the stage after the end of the irrigation, applied only for the vertical component, to account for percolation losses. The statistical criteria used for the evaluation of the method showed good agreement between the numerical results and the values calculated by the empirical relationships. Based on the limited availability of necessary experimental data for detailed analysis of multidimensional transient infiltration, the introduction of such an empirical model, as a design tool for trickle irrigation systems, may contribute to the selection of the optimum application rate and lateral spacing.     

A numerical model of a saturated-unsaturated porous flow system

The paper presents a numerical model of transient, saturated-unsaturated water flow through a porous medium. The model solves Richards' equation, which is assumed to present water flow in both unsaturated and saturated zones. The equation is solved by the implicit iterative finite difference method, using the over-relaxation technique. The model is tested by comparison with published laboratory experiments. The agreement between measured and computed values is very good for both infiltration and drainage experiments. The purpose of the model is the prediction of a soil-water regime either in natural conditions or under the influence of an irrigation or drainage system.     

浑水波涌灌溉的节水机理与效果

通过大田试验研究，表明在浑水波涌灌溉条件下，表土致密层的形成与发展是含沙水流中泥沙逐渐“挂淤”、“落淤”与“入渗滞留”等作用的结果。随着灌水周期的进展，表土致密层的糙率与入渗能力也随之减小，这就为以后各周期的灌溉水流创造了一个加速水流推进与提高减渗效果的新界面，从而达到节水与提高灌水质量的目的。从4个与浑水有关的节水率分析可见，浑水波涌灌溉的节水效果是泥沙与间歇共同作用的结果，其中泥沙作用是主要的。     

新时期云南高原农业灌溉发展趋势研究

为了把握新时期农业灌溉发展面临国家扶贫攻坚和西部大开发、"一带一路"和长江经济带建设、气候变化导致热区扩大等机遇发展高原农业,针对最严格水资源管理"三条红线"控制、立体地形和气候差异、工农业生产与河道生态争水等问题,通过对云南省各水资源四级区套县的高原农业灌溉现状调查分析,研究了云南省农业高效节水减排与生态节水型灌区工程布局、分区农业灌溉的非常规水资源利用、灌溉定额的分区管理、农业节水管养机制建设等重点领域。上述研究成果有助于云南省四大板块高原特色农业的可持续发展。     

作物生长典型年的模糊聚类划分方法

在作物灌溉制度的设计当中,对典型年的划分必不可少。本文提出了作物生长典型年,并运甩模糊聚类的方法对农业中的典型年进行了科学合理的划分,并结合实例进行了计算和结果对比。     

基于新技术的承德市水资源开发利用研究

承德市水资源时空分布上的严重不均,使水资源短缺成为制约承德市经济社会发展的瓶颈.分析了承德市水资源开发利用的现状,存在的问题,提出采用新技术建立水资源实时监控管理系统,为水资源配置、调度等提供决策支撑;应用风能提水灌溉工程,推广节水灌溉技术,促进山区经济的发展;采取技术措施,增加水资源渠道,缓解城镇水资源短缺局面.这些新技术的研究应用,促进了区域经济的可持续发展.     

考虑灌水均匀性及年费用的不规则微灌单元管网优化布置

为了评估不规则微灌单元毛管单/双向布置时出水桩位置、单元控制面积和单元形状参数对单元水力性能和年费用的影响,利用Matlab和EPANET软件构建了微灌水力设计及评价模型HAPIS(Hydraulic Analysis of Pressurized Irrigation System)。以直角三角形的不规则微灌单元为例,集成水力性能和年费用计算的评估结果表明,毛管单/双向布置模式下,通过出水桩位置优化可使微灌单元流量偏差率分别降低29%和7%,毛管双向布置可有效降低灌水均匀性对出水桩位置的敏感性。出水桩布置在长毛管分布区域有助于降低灌溉年费用。支管直径一定时,随微灌单元控制面积增加,微灌单元流量偏差率和年费用分别呈明显升高和降低趋势。支管公称外径40～63 mm时采用毛管单向布置,支管公称外径≥75 mm时采用毛管双向布置,是提高单元控制面积的有效方法。不规则单元中不宜使用过大直径支管(如公称外径90 mm),以避免支管单价较高造成的灌溉单元年费用明显升高。相同控制面积下,毛管双向布置可降低直角三角形单元底角变化对灌水均匀性的影响,灌水均匀性高于毛管单向布置。基于构建的HAPIS模型可...     

Improving Wheat Productivity in Pakistan: Econometric Analysis Using Panel Data from Chaj in the Upper Indus Basin

Abstract

Increasing water scarcity, degradation of land and water resources, continuing low agricultural productivity, and increasing populations are posing the largest ever challenges for development of agricultural economies in many developing countries including Pakistan. Using panel data from irrigated settings in Chaj sub-basin of the Indus basin in Pakistani Punjab, we attempt to: (a) analyze the causes of low productivity; (b) disentangle factors (both land, water and other factors) contributing to productivity variations; and (c) identify limits and opportunities for narrowing productivity gaps and increasing overall wheat production, with a view to enhance food security for the poor. The results of the study indicate that locational inequities in distribution of canal water, use of groundwater of varying quality, differences in use of seed varieties, and other inputs lead to significant variations in wheat productivity. Key implications are that large gains in wheat productivity are possible by (a) improving the production environment at the tail-end through integrated water management practices; (b) adjusting the mix of canal and groundwater use; and (c) using technological interventions to improve the adoption of modern wheat varieties and dissemination of knowledge on planting dates and timings and application rates of inputs, especially water and fertilizer. Not only such interventions are economically, financially, and environmentally desirable, they are also pro-poor. What is needed is a strong political will and commitment.     

河北平原井灌区冬小麦灌水定额的计算分析

根据华北半湿润偏旱井灌区节水农业综合技术示范区的建设实践,在河北平原三河井灌区,通过实时监测冬小麦田间土壤含水率,计算出其田间土壤含水量与田间持水量之差即为灌水定额;当实时监测的田间土壤含水率低于冬小麦适宜生长含水率高于凋谢系数时,便对监测地块进行灌溉。采用移动式管道喷灌或支管退行式畦灌模式进行冬小麦灌溉,使灌水定额控制在750m^3／hm^2以内,达到节水增产增收的目的,促进农业又好又快发展。     

伊犁灌区建设存在的问题与对策

伊犁河流域灌区目前主要的问题是灌溉面积较小、灌溉水利用率低、生态与环境恶化、管理机制不合理.在建设中首先要以改造老灌区为主，全面配套灌区建筑物、提高渠系水利用率，大力发展节水灌溉，提高田间水利用率．同时要加强灌区的管理，在开发中应该以保护当地的生态与环境为主。