A review of the operating limits in slot die coating processes

Slot die coating is a pre‐metered process commonly used for producing thin and uniform films. It is an important film fabrication method for applications where precise coating is required. A major concern in slot die coating processes is how to determine the operating limits to set the appropriate range of operating parameters, including coating speed, flow rate, vacuum pressure, coating gap, liquid viscosity and surface tension, etc. Operating limits directly determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the process. In this article, the current state of academic research on operating limits in slot die coating processes is reviewed. Specifically, the theories, mechanisms, and empirical conclusions related to the limits on vacuum pressure, the low‐flow limit, the limit of wet thickness for zero‐vacuum‐pressure cases, the limit of dynamic wetting failure, and the limits of coating speed for a specific flow rate are reviewed. The article concludes with some recommendations for future work. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2508–2524, 2016     

螺旋角与螺纹升角不一致情况下滚刀前刃面齿距测量分析

在设计螺旋槽滚刀时会出现螺旋角与螺纹升角不一致的情况,此时由于刀具刃口方向螺旋角与刀具左右侧切削刃实际螺纹升角之间有差别,刀具的前刃面与切削刃螺旋平面不垂直,因此在万工显上测量前刃面齿距时需对齿形进行两次投影换算。如仍按螺纹升角与螺旋角一致情况下进行投影换算测量,会引起刀具齿距测量误差。在制造螺旋角与螺纹升角不一致的滚刀时,对滚刀齿距进行正确投影并精确测量。     

Filler Wetting in Miscible ESBR/SSBR Blends and Its Effect on Mechanical Properties

The selective wetting behavior of silica in emulsion styrene butadiene rubber (ESBR)/solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) blends is characterized by the wetting concept, which is further developed for filled blends based on miscible rubbers. It is found that not only the chemical rubber–filler affinity but also the topology of the filler surface significantly influences the selective filler wetting in rubber blends. The nanopore structure of the silica surface has been recognized as the main reason for the difference in the wetting behavior of the branched ESBR molecules and linear SSBR molecules. However, the effect of nanopore structure becomes more significant in the presence of silane. It is discussed that the adsorption of silane on silica surface constricts the nanopore to some extent that hinders effectively the space filling of the nanopores by the branched ESBR molecules but not by the linear SSBR molecules. As a result, in silanized ESBR/SSBR blends the dominant wetting of silica surface by the tightly bonded layer of SSBR molecules causes a low‐energy dissipation in the rubber–filler interphase. That imparts the low rolling resistance to the blends similar to that of a silica‐filled SSBR compound, while the ESBR‐rich matrix warrants the good tensile behavior, i.e., good abrasion and wear resistance of the blends.

     

硬脂酸改性三氧化二铝表面润湿性的特性分析

目的 研究氧化铝经硬脂酸分子改性后的润湿行为,从表面改性角度探索聚合物自组装润湿性原理,进而制备出一种疏水性能良好的超疏水表面。方法 使用COMPASS力场进行分子动力学模拟,构建基于非键合粒子的Al2O3超晶胞模型体系,采用最速下降法和共轭梯度法进行优化,使所构建的模型在体系平衡下保持能量最小原则,并对其求解分析。进而基于模拟材料,通过两步喷涂法制备以改性纳米氧化铝为涂层的超疏水表面,观察表征特征,验证模型的正确性。最后从模拟构象、径向分布函数以及均方根位移方面分析氧化铝经硬脂酸分子改性前后水分子团簇在玻璃、氧化铝表面的微观润湿行为。结果 经硬脂酸改性后,氧化铝表面由亲水表面成为疏水表面。经分子动力学模拟表明,当硬脂酸浓度增加,每个硬脂酸的表面能由–110.5 kJ/mol变为–80.4 kJ/mol,硬脂酸分子降低了水分子团簇在玻璃和氧化铝表面的扩散系数,对疏水性的强弱有着重要的影响。结论 氧化铝颗粒与玻璃表面都具有强亲水性,且氧化铝对水分子的吸附能力要强于玻璃。硬脂酸能够降低氧化铝的表面能,且与纳米氧化铝发生化学反应后,将氧化铝由超亲水改性为超疏水。     

BN对AlN耐火材料烧结性能及抗钛熔体侵蚀性能的影响

以新型耐火材料AlN为基体,添加不同含量的高活性h-BN及烧结助剂Y2O3,在1850 ℃保温4 h下无压烧结制备出无氧、易加工的AlN/BN耐火复合陶瓷,分析了该复合陶瓷的显微组织,研究了其与TiAl熔体的界面润湿规律及界面反应。结果表明,BN颗粒的加入可以有效填充AlN颗粒间隙,促进复合陶瓷的烧结致密化,当添加5 wt% BN颗粒时,复合陶瓷致密度达到最高,为89.24%。复合陶瓷的组织由AlN、BN及钇铝酸盐Y4Al2O9组成,其中Y4Al2O9主要分布在AlN颗粒界面处。BN颗粒可以降低复合陶瓷与TiAl熔体的界面润湿性,其中含5 wt% BN的复合陶瓷与TiAl熔体的界面润湿角约为136°,表明二者润湿较差,复合陶瓷表现出良好的化学惰性。界面反应实验发现复合陶瓷具有良好的抗TiAl熔体侵蚀性能,其与TiAl熔体的界面平整清晰,界面层厚度为9.5 μm,未发生明显元素扩散,表明了AlN/BN复合陶瓷是一种极具潜力的钛合金熔炼用耐火材料。     

TiZrNiCu/Ti60润湿性及与TiBw-TC4钎焊研究

本文采用座滴法在真空下系统研究了硼含量对TiZrNiCu/Ti60润湿性的影响,且在940°C保温10分钟条件下实现了与的钎焊。通过SEM、XRD以及剪切实验研究了界面显微组织及剪切力学性能。添加B元素可以与Ti原位合成TiBw,从而细化界面的显微组织。当B含量为0.3 wt %时,TiBw-TC4 /TiZrNiCu-B/Ti60接头的最大剪切强度为177 MPa,比无B含量的接头强度高65%。然而,过量的B含量使TiZrNiCu-B在Ti60合金基体上产生大量的TiBw,导致润湿性恶化,在钎焊接头形成微孔和未焊合区域,从而使剪切强度下降。     

原地溶浸开采中的多过程耦合作用与反应前锋运动:1.理论分析

原地溶浸开采受到孔隙介质中的流体流动、矿物溶解、水溶液组分扩散等多过程的耦合作用,其动力学过程可用溶解反应前锋运动来研究。从流体流动、溶解反应与扩散的耦合和反馈作用建立了反应前锋运动的动力学模型,分析了反应前锋的形态稳定性及其主要影响因素。流体流动与溶解反应的正反馈作用可导致复杂的反应前锋形态并对原地溶浸开采有重要影响。     

电场对竖直微槽润湿及毛细流动特性影响

竖直微槽群毛细结构广泛应用在重力热管、蒸发器等散热设备内,但受重力等因素影响易达到毛细极限。引入电场的主动强化方式来提高竖直微槽的毛细极限,并通过实验和建立数学模型研究电场对竖直微槽内液体润湿及毛细流动特性的影响。结果表明,电场可以提高竖直微槽内液体润湿高度,当电场为5.0 kV时与无电场时相比,润湿高度强化比可达到30.0%。同时,电场作用下流体在微槽道内的毛细润湿流动呈分段效应：润湿流动初期,润湿高度与时间的1/2次方呈线性关系,即h-t^1/2,润湿速率与润湿高度的倒数呈线性关系,即v-1/h;润湿流动中后期,润湿高度与时间的1/3次方呈线性关系,即h-t^1/3,润湿速率与润湿高度平方的倒数呈线性关系,即v-1/h²,且润湿速率随时间呈下降趋势。     

液晶-变形镜自适应光学系统的数据采集与处理软件设计

为了提高自适应光学系统科研人员的工作效率,满足自适应光学系统向高低阶多波前校正器的发展需求,本文研究了一套自适应光学系统控制软件设计方法,以适应实验设备的不断更新换代,避免实验过程中软件不断更新修改所带来的问题。本文首先从功能和性能两方面分析了实验对软件系统的需求,提出基础层、功能层及表示层3层的软件架构体系,采用共享内存和临界区对象相结合的软件开发方法,确保自适应光学系统的实时性与准确性,避免资源冲突和浪费;采用Windows API事件实现多线程之间同步协调控制。基于上述思想开发了液晶-变形镜混合的高低阶自适应光学系统控制软件,可在0.6ms内完成波前采集、波前计算、控制信号计算和各设备间的同步协调控制。最后,使用该软件进行自适应光学校正:仅变形镜和倾斜镜校正后峰峰值由3.38μm降为0.95μm,均方根误差由0.66μm降为0.12μm;液晶校正器、变形镜和倾斜镜同时校正后峰峰值为0.44μm,均方根误差为0.02μm,计算总延迟为0.378ms。由实验结果可知,本文设计的软件可以实现自适应光学系统的实时校正,在保证校正精度的同时具有方便修改、功能齐全及模块化的优势,为后续自适应光学实验提供保障。     

Silver versus white sheet as a back reflector for microcrystalline silicon solar cells deposited on LPCVD‐ZnO electrodes of various textures

We compare the performance of two back reflector designs on the optoelectrical properties of microcrystalline silicon solar cells. The first one consists of a 5‐µm‐thick low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD)‐ZnO electrode combined with a white sheet; the second one incorporates an Ag reflector deposited on a thin LPCVD‐ZnO layer (with thickness below 200 nm). For this latter design, the optical loss in the nano‐rough Ag reflector can be strongly reduced by smoothing the surface of the thin underlying ZnO layer, by means of an Ar‐plasma treatment. Because of its superior lateral conductivity, the thin‐ZnO/Ag back reflector design provides a higher fill factor than the dielectric back reflector design. When decreasing the roughness of the front electrode with respect to our standard front LPCVD‐ZnO layer, the electrical cell performance is improved; in addition, the implementation of the thin‐ZnO/Ag back reflector leads to a significant relative gain in light trapping. Applying this newly optimized combination of front and back electrodes, the conversion efficiency is improved from 8.9% up to 9.4%, for cells with an active‐layer thickness of only 1.1 µm. We thereby highlight the necessity to optimize simultaneously the front and back electrodes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.