Effect of heat treatment on foaming properties of ostrich (Struthio camelus) egg white proteins

The effect of heat-treatment on foaming properties of ostrich albumen was investigated. At pH 7.5, coagulation of ovotransferrin (OT) resulted in minimum foaming capacity (FC) and maximum foam density (FD). While both exposure of sulfhydryl groups of ovalbumin (OV) and OT-OV interactions improved FC at lower pH, neither of them had beneficial effect on FC at pH 9. At pH 9, FC and FD were mildly affected by heat-treatment because of less aggregation of OT, then FC decreased due to covalent aggregates composed of ovomucin and OV, but at higher temperatures, higher level of OV unfolding resulted in enhanced FC.     

苏里格致密砂岩气藏未动用储量评价及开发对策

为落实苏里格气田强非均质致密砂岩气藏储量规模和动用程度、评价稳产潜力，基于储层地质知识库，通过细分计算单元采用"容积法"完成储量复算；结合储层静态参数、气井生产指标及内部收益率建立了储量分类评价标准，将储量分为富集区、致密区和富水区三类；优选"单井控制面积法"评价已动用储量和剩余未动用储量。评价结果表明，苏里格气田储量基础落实，各区块储量动用程度差异大，储量综合动用程度为40.1%，剩余未动用储量规模大，稳产潜力较好。目前经济技术条件下，气田稳产主要通过井网加密、侧钻水平井及查层补孔的方式来提高富集区和致密区储量动用程度，富水区剩余储量的有效动用仍须进一步攻关。     

Effect of monosodium glutamate on physicochemical properties and quality of Alkali‐treated Pacific white shrimp

Physicochemical properties and quality of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) treated with alkaline soaking solution (ASS; 0.75% NaOH with 2.5% NaCl) containing 3% monosodium glutamate (MSG), pH 11.5 (ASS+3% MSG) were investigated, in comparison with those treated with mixed phosphates or ASS alone. Muscle proteins underwent conformational changes as evidenced by the shift of T_max to the lower temperature and the increased negative charge when treated with ASS+3% MSG. This coincided with the higher moisture and NaCl contents (P < 0.05). Such a treatment led to the pronounced swelling of muscle fibrils as visualised by scanning electron microscope. Highest likeness score for all attributes except for flavour was observed in sample treated with ASS+3% MSG. Slightly fishy odour in the treated sample was associated with higher abundance of volatile compounds, especially alcohol and aldehyde. Thus, ASS+3% MSG could be used as the replacer of phosphate and bicarbonate for shrimp processing.     

Lipids from cephalothorax and hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Compositions and deterioration as affected by iced storage

Lipids from cephalothorax and hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) stored in ice for up to 6 days were extracted and characterised. The extraction yields of lipids from hepatopancreas (10.65–12.64%) were higher than those from cephalothorax (2.59–2.88%). However, no changes in the extraction yield were observed during the storage (p > 0.05). The carotenoid contents of lipids from cephalothorax and hepatopancreas slightly increased within the first 2 and 4 days of iced storage (p < 0.05), respectively, but decreased thereafter (p < 0.05). With increasing storage time, a progressive formation of hydroperoxide was found as evidenced by the increase in the absorbance band at 3600–3200 cm⁻¹ in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and increased peroxide values (PVs) (p < 0.05). The increases in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), p-anisidine value (AnV) and free fatty acid (FFA) content of lipids were noticeable when iced storage time increased (p < 0.05). Those changes indicated that lipid oxidation and hydrolysis occurred in both samples. Phospholipids (PL) were the major components in lipids from cephalothorax (82.51% of total lipids). Nevertheless, lipids from hepatopancreas contained triglyceride (TG) and PL as the dominant components (45.35% and 38.03% of total lipids, respectively). A decrease in the TG content with a concomitant increase in free fatty acid was observed at the end of storage (day 6) (p < 0.05). Decreases in unsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5(n-3)) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6(n-3)) were noticeable at day 6 of storage (p < 0.05). Thus, the extended storage time resulted in the enhanced deterioration of extracted lipids.     

Functionality of egg white proteins as affected by high intensity ultrasound

The goal of this contribution was to determine the impact of HIUS on the thermal aggregation, gelation, foaming and emulsifying properties of egg white (EW) proteins.     

红砂岩单轴压缩试验的率效应研究

利用MTS 322试验机对均质红砂岩进行了低加载（应变）率范围内不同量级的单轴压缩试验，考察了加载率对压缩强度、切线弹模和破坏应变的率效应影响规律。试验过程中采用位移控制加载，对应的加载量级分别为0.12，1.2，12，120 mm/min。研究结果表明：位移控制加载率与试样实际加载率、应变率之间均存在良好的线性关系。不同加载速率下岩石材料的单轴压缩强度、切线弹模随着加载率的增加呈现增加趋势，单轴压缩强度增加了11%，切线弹模增加了13%，率效应显著。通过试验数据发现，破坏应变与应变率（加载率）之间无相关性，不具有率效应规律，故强度准则应该是应力准则而不是应变准则。     

Trade‐Offs in Seed Dispersal Strategies Across Riparian Trees: The How Matters as Much as the When

Riparian Salicaceae are prolific producers of short‐lived seeds that require very restrictive hydro‐geomorphic conditions for establishment. It is generally assumed that if floods are able to create nursery sites timed with seed dispersal, recruitment will occur. Other spatial and temporal seed dispersal patterns besides the dispersal period have historically received little attention. However, seed dispersal patterns can be highly variable between regions, species and over the years. In this paper, we report the seed dispersal patterns of three dominant riparian Salicaceae trees in Europe: Populus alba, P. nigra and Salix alba to suggest possible trade‐offs between seed dispersal patterns, germinability, longevity and establishment. Seed rain of the three species was monitored in 33 glue‐coated traps for three months yearly from 2006 to 2008 in an 8‐km stretch of the Middle Ebro River (N Spain), which has a pluvio‐nival regime. P. alba dispersed seeds earlier during a shorter time period and with a fewer number of seed release pulses compared with P. nigra, and especially with S. alba. With overlapping seed dispersal periods, the two latter species occupy similar landform units but rarely compete with P. alba, usually at higher elevations, as shown in a previous study in the same study area. The three species had very high germinability immediately after release (>90%), but longevity in S. alba was eight times shorter than that of its two Populus counterparts. We suggest that S. alba has compensated its lower seed quality with a more spaced seed release in several pulses of similar magnitude. With similar seed dispersal patterns and germinability but a higher longevity, P. nigra had a much higher density of individuals than S. alba in the recruitment zones of the study area. We hope that our results may inform river managers about how to optimize river flows to promote sexual regeneration of these species. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

苗族发酵型白酸汤的生产工艺

以大米、糯米、鲜嫩玉米为原料,人工接种苗族农家老酸汤生产发酵型白酸汤。通过对发酵时间、发酵温度、接菌量的研究,确定发酵白酸汤生产工艺的最佳参数。结果表明:以大米、糯米、鲜嫩玉米的混合谷物作为原料(混合比例2:1:1)、老酸汤接种量(体积分数)15%、发酵温度40℃、发酵时间3d,制得的酸汤气味芳香,酸度适口,具有苗族酸汤独特的风味。