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151.
Experimental results of a low-power roadheader driving a gallery with different types of rock at the face 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. Torao lvarez M. Menndez lvarez R. Rodríguez Díez 《Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research》2003,18(4):395-404
In this paper, the experimental results of a 45-kW and 15-t roadheader excavating a gallery with two different types of rock at the face using two different cutting heads are shown. It is proved that the roadheader works properly with both cutting heads. In comparison with other results in the literature, the principal parameters, i.e. specific energy, cutting rate and tool wear, are at a level that can be considered satisfactory taking into account the low power of the roadheader. On the other hand, the influence of the number of picks, which is the main difference between the two cutting heads, on the operational parameters is shown. 相似文献
152.
提出种基于TEMIC射频卡Manchester编码的速率自适应读卡算法,并对该算法进行了说明和示例。 相似文献
153.
The primary purpose of this work is to review the literature about what is and is not known about using ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA0 copolymer as the encapsulant (or pottant) material in photovoltaic (PV) modules. Secondary purposes include elucidating the complexity of the encapsulation problem, providing an overview about encapsulation of PV cells and modules, providing a historical overview of the relevant research and development on EVA, summarizing performance losses reported for PV systems deployed since ca. 1981, and summarizing the general problems of polymer stability in a solar environment. We also provide a critical review of aspects of reported work for cases that we believe are important.Failure modes resolved in the early work to establish reliability of deployed modules and the purposes and properties of pottants, are summarized. Typical performance losses in large field-deployed, large-scale systems ranging from 1% to 10% per year are given quantitatively, and qualitative reports of EVA discoloration are summarized with respect to ultraviolet (UV), world-wide location and site dependence.The general stability of polymers and their desirable bulk properties for solar utilization are given. The stabilization formulation for EVA, its effectiveness, and changes in it during degradation are discussed. The degradation mechanisms for the base resin, e.g., unstabilized Elvax 150TM, and stabilized EVA are indicated for literature dating to the early 1950s, and the role played by unsaturated chromophores is indicated. The limited number of studies relating discoloration and PV cell efficiency are summarized.Observed degradation of EVA or the unstabilized base resin in the laboratory and examples used to measure the degradation are summarized in sections entitled: (1) thermally-induced degradation; (2) photodegradation and photothermal degradation of EVA in different temperature regimes; (3) photobleaching and photodegradation of the UV absorber and cross-linking agent; (4) acetic acid and metal and metal-oxide catalyzed oxidative degradation; and (5) discolaration and PV cell efficiency losses.Processing effects/influences on EVA stability are discussed in sections entitled: (1) EVA raw materials and extruded, uncured films; (2) thermal encapsulation processes; (3) effects of lamination, curing, and curing peroxide on gel content and chromophores formed; and (4) incomplete shielding of curing-generated chromophores. A summary is given for the limited number of accelerated lifetime testing efforts and examples of erroneous service lifetime predictions for EVA are discussed. The known factors that effect the discoloration rate of several EVA formulations are discussed in which the reduction in rate by using UV-absorbing superstrates is a prime example. A summary is given of what is and is not known about EVA degradation mechanisms, degradation from exposures in field-deployed modeules and/or laboratory testing, and factors that contribute to EVA stability or degradation. Finally, conclusions about using Elvax 150 in EVA formulations are summarized, and future prospects for developing the next-generation pottant for encapsulating PV modules are discussed. 相似文献
154.
RLL码的计算机辅助设计 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
本文着重讨论计算机辅助设计RLL码的具体实现问题.该过程首先根据RLL码两个参数d,k确定一个编码率p/q,然后构造出RLL码的高阶状态转换-输出符号矩阵并求相应的近似特征向量.最后通过状态分裂和状态归并过程,即可得到一个满足d,k约束的编码输出表.其中状态转换-输出符号矩阵为实现计算机辅助设计RLL码提供了有效的数据结构,而且要优化RLL码编码器,就必须有选择地进行状态分裂. 相似文献
155.
156.
157.
本文利用可控平均冷却速度的单向凝固实验炉测定了45号钢在不同平均冷却速度下的冷却曲线,由此得到其在凝固期间的平均冷却速度R,相应地测量了不同平均冷却速度下试样的二次枝晶臂间距S2,通过回归,得到了如下关系式:S2=727R-0.41,并将引式成功地应用于实际生产中。 相似文献
158.
V. A. Roginsky T. K. Barsukova A. A. Remorova W. Bors 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1996,73(6):777-786
The relative reactivities as well as the stoichiometric coefficients for a number of flavonoids, catechols, and—for comparison—standard
phenolic antioxidants were determined by analyzing the kinetics of oxygen consumption in organic and micellar systems, with
peroxidation initiated by lipid- and water-soluble azo initiators. The results demonstrated that the flavonoids did not behave
as classic phenolic antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, but showed only moderate chain-breaking activities. The results were
in line with other structure-activity relationship studies on the importance of the B-ring catechol structure, the 2,3-double
bond, and the 3,5-hydroxy groups. The data are discussed in view of possible explanations of the deviations flavonoids reveal
in their behavior compared with regular phenolic antioxidants. 相似文献
159.
The influence of irreversibility of finite-rate heat transfer on the performance of an absorption refrigerator is investigated using an endoreversible cycle model with continuous flow. The cooling rate is adopted as an objective function for refrigerator optimization. The maximum cooling rate and the corresponding coefficient of performance are derived. The optimal performance with respect to heat transfer areas of the refrigerator is analysed. In addition, certain significant conclusions are reached. 相似文献
160.
Cryogenic detectors with superconducting tunnel junctions can provide an energy resolution improved by at least one order of magnitude compared with standard semiconductor detectors. While the detection principle was already demonstrated many years ago, the past years were dedicated to the transition from the laboratory sample to practical detectors. Our most favored detector design gives rise to tunnel junctions with electrodes of unequal energy gaps. In such hetero tunnel junctions bias conditions can be established which cause a negative signal current. We report the experimental verification of this effect, and we discuss the yield of charge signal of cryogenic detectors based upon superconducting tunnel junctions. 相似文献