住宅建筑的冷热负荷概算指标及冷负荷延时特性的探讨

以北京地区两幢典型多层住宅建筑为计算模型,分别计算其冷热负荷概算指标及年冷热负荷概算指标,并给出北京地区多层住宅类建筑冷负荷分布特性。     

Required Removal Rates for Kr-85 in the Future

Krypton-85 is a radioactive noble gas with a long half-life, and its release to the environment results in global contamination. The concentration of ⁸⁵Kr in the atmosphere is gradually increasing today, and it will reach the order of 10⁴ pCi/m³ by the year 2000 if this nuclide is continued to be released without removal. The release will likely be restricted in the future under international control, though the dose rates due to ⁸⁵Kr absorption based on the ICRP recommendation is at present being reevaluated on account of its appearing to be excessively high.

In this paper, the removal rates required for ⁸⁵Kr are estimated to cover several decades, using the linear programming method, with a selection of given constraints specifying different criteria for limiting atmospheric pollution, and based on an assumed program for nuclear electricity power generation and construction of reprocessing plants.

Some parameters contained in the objective function are difficult to fix, particularly the equipment and operating costs and the penalty for absorbed dose rate, but some results are given as indication, with these parameters tentatively assumed. As an example, adopting the constraint to limit to 10⁸ Ci the accumulation in atmosphere of ⁸⁵Kr released from reprocessing plants in Japan should require the removal of 80–90% of effluent ⁸⁵Kr at the reprocessing plants by the year 1990 at the latest.     

Generation of typical meteorological years using genetic algorithm for different energy systems

Computer simulation plays an important role in investigating the thermal/energy performance of buildings and energy systems. In order to reduce the computational time and provide a consistent form of weather data, simulation run with multi-year weather files is generally avoided. In contrast, representative weather data is widely adopted. For developing typical meteorological year (TMY) weather files, Sandia method is one of the commonly adopted approaches. During the generation of TMY, different weighting factors are assigned to some key climatic indices. Currently, the values of weighting factors mainly depend on the researchers' judgement. As these weighting factors can express the relative importance of impact of a particular climatic index on the thermal/energy performance of an energy system, computer simulation using different TMYs may lead to different conclusions. Therefore, it is inappropriate to apply one single TMY for all energy systems. In this study, a novel TMY weather file generator has been developed to link up an optimization algorithm and an energy simulation program. Through four application examples (one air-conditioned building and three renewable energy systems), this weather file generator demonstrated its capability to search optimal/near optimal combinations of weighting factors for generating appropriate TMY for computer simulations of different energy systems.     

2011年我国磷肥行业生产与消费概况

阐述2011年磷肥行业运行概况:整体运行平稳,磷肥产量P2O5达1 641万t;产业布局更为合理;进出口保持平稳,表观消费量进入平台期,基本维持P2O51 200万~1 300万t;磷资源保障度提高。介绍我国磷肥生产相关原材料硫酸、硫黄、合成氨、钾盐的生产、供应、价格情况。分析2012年磷肥生产形势并提出若干建议。     

2003年上海市电力供需及安全状况评析

以2003年上海市电力供求的基本数据为基础,对上海市电力供应侧、需求侧进行分析,并对其特点和突出问题作了归纳总结,还对上海电力短缺的原因进行了剖析,最终得出了上海电力供需安全的基本判断,为“上海城市经济运行中的能源安全研究”提供了部分研究结论．     

我国连续干旱年特征、变化趋势及对策

对1949～2007年期间我国发生连续重旱以上干旱年的情况进行了统计,分析全国性连续干旱年和各省连续干旱年发生的情况,讨论我国连续干旱年的特征及其分布,并分析产生连续干旱年的影响因素及变化趋势,提出提高农业灌溉率、加强水资源配置、做好连续干旱年应急预案以及增加抗旱资金投入等一系列应对未来连续干旱年的对策。