钾对土壤镉有效性的影响及其机理

分析了不同用量钾肥对土壤镉有效性的影响,采用盆栽与等温吸附试验,研究了镉污染赤红壤上,施用钾肥对小油菜生物量、镉吸收量与土壤溶液中钾、镉含量及土壤镉吸附等的影响.结果表明:无论是低镉还是高镉污染水平,与对照相比,小油菜干质量均以高钾用量增幅最大,两季平均增加分别为16.6%(低镉)和17.7%(高镉).在低、高镉两种污染水平下,增加钾肥的施用量,土壤溶液中钾含量明显增加,小油菜体内钾含量也明显增加.钾肥施用量为195 mg/kg时,土壤溶液中镉含量最高,较对照分别增加2.80%(低镉)与23.7%(高镉);而小油菜体内镉含量较对照平均分别增加10%(低镉)和45.9%(高镉).钾离子与镉共存时,明显改变土壤吸附镉的能力,与钠体系相比,钾体系赤红壤的总吸附容量降低了31.3%.钾与镉共存时,土壤对镉的吸附作用明显影响小油菜对镉的吸收,是控制土壤镉有效性的关键因子.     

我国基坑工程发展现状综述

分析了国内外基坑工程的发展和研究现状;详细介绍了我国基坑工程的主要支护类型,包括水泥土墙、土钉墙、锚杆、排桩与地下连续墙等;最后分析了我国基坑工程存在的主要问题,并展望了今后的发展趋势。     

Soil effects due to sewage sludge application in agriculture

Field trials show that increased nutrients (mainly P) and heavy metals in soil due to agricultural use of sewage sludge have mainly to be expected when sludge is applied in too high amounts. The biological effects of heavy metals on plants are determined by their solubility which is increased by pH decrease and degradation of organic matter. Normally, it should be expected that the microbial activity in soil would increase with the application of organic matter in sewage sludge. But, also negative effects on the microflora by simultaneous enrichment of organic matter or inorganic and organic pollutants were found. The most important deleterious effects on soil microorganisms are the reduction in size of the total biomass, a reduced nitrogen fixing activity and changes in the composition of microbial populations of the soil. At what stage heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganisms or to microbial processes in soil is likely to become evident is unfortunately still uncertain. Again, the soluble fraction of heavy metals (also of organic pollutants) is a determing factor. To minimize the shown environmental risks an adequate sludge management is proposed.     

Absorption and desorption of liquid water by a superabsorbent polymer: Effect of polymer in the drying of the soil and the quality of certain plants

In this work, we were interested in the study of the kinetic behavior of the reaction of drying soil representing the Marrakesh region (south of Morocco) in the presence of an superabsorbent polymer. The presence of a polymer in the soil diminished the kinetic drying of the soil, which will have as an application a reduction in water loss in the process of irrigation. The presence of a polymer in the soil enables a complete modification of the kinetic regimes controlling the soil‐drying kinetic. We also realized the first study of the behavior of certain selected plants in the melange of a soil and a polymer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 234–243, 2002     

仿土质专用肥的开发和应用前景

本文介绍了基于某些名、优农产品在其生长过程中所需要的特定敏感元素,配制出“仿土质”专用肥。经施用证明,肥效显著,经济效益可观,具有推广应用的前景。     

Root growth and phosphorus and potassium uptake by two corn genotypes in the field

In a field study P and K uptake by two corn (Zea mays L.) genotypes which differed in root growth was investigated. The effect of differences in root growth on P and K uptake was assessed using a mechanistic-mathematical model which describes nutrient uptake by growing plant roots in soil. Nitrogen was applied at 0 and 227 kg ha^–1 to Pioneer 3732 and B73xMo17 corn grown on Raub silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aquic Argiudoll) and at 227 kg N ha^–1 to these two genotypes on Chalmers silt loam (finesilty, mixed, mesic, Typic Haplaquoll). Root growth and P and K uptake by the two corn genotypes was measured 31, 47, 75 and 91 d after planting on the Raub and 31, 47, 61 and 75 d after planting on the Chalmers soil.Root growth and P and K uptake by B73xMo17 was greater than that of Pioneer 3732 on N-fertilized Raub soil. On Chalmers soil the difference in root growth between the two genotypes resulted in an increase in K but not P uptake. The higher soil P level of the Chalmers appears to have offset possible differences in P uptake due to root size. There were no differences between the two genotypes in either the percentage of roots with root hairs, or the density or length of root hairs. Phosphorus and K uptake calculated with the simulation models for both corn genotypes on both soils over each of three growth periods agreed with observed P (Y = 0.68X + 1.71; r = 0.944^**) and K (Y = 0.88X + 15.52; r = 0.928^**) uptake. Differences in P and K uptake between B73xMo17 and Pioneer 3732 resulted primarily from the difference in root growth in the topsoil. A high correlation was found between root surface area and P (r = 0.893^**) and K (r = 0.928^**) uptake by both corn genotypes on both the soils.Journal paper No. 10,316 Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn., W. Lafayette, In 47906. Contribution from the Dep. of Agron. This paper was supported in part by a grant from the Tennessee Valley Authority.     

软岩击实试验结果影响因素分析

简述了土工试验中土样制备方法、击实标准对试验结果的影响,分析了制样过程中含水率随时间和温度变化的规律;提出了通过改变加土量和击实数,减小试样余土高度对结果的影响的结论。     

二元地质条件下内支撑与土钉墙支护设计问题

结合某基坑工程的设计实践,对在基坑开挖深度内有土层和岩层、且岩层内存在软弱夹层的二元地质条件下采用内支撑和复合土钉墙组合形式支护时存在的问题进行了详细分析,主要包括土压力的计算模式、钢管桩下局部地基承载力的验算、刚-揉性组合支护型式的交接处刚度协调、内撑立柱的约束状态对内支撑稳定性的影响等问题,通过对这些问题的分析,得到在设计类似基坑支护形式时需要注意的问题,并提出解决问题的措施,为同类工程提供参考。     

承德地区富锶土壤与农作物锶含量特征

锶是人体必不可少的微量元素之一,前人对承德地区土壤和农作物中锶的研究很少。本文通过测定承德地区1200 件表层土壤和多种农作物及中药材的根、茎、叶、花、果实等样品中锶含量,发现承德地区土壤中的锶含量较高,但具有分布不均匀的特征。土壤锶分布受深大断裂控制,同时与岩性关系密切,特别是火成岩建造。农作物中锶的含量为0.77~26.60 mg/kg,主要分布在根、茎、叶等部位。19 种中药材中锶含量最高的黄芪叶锶含量高达116 mg/kg。不同种类的农作物富集锶的能力不同。总体来讲,中药材中锶含量要高于叶菜类,叶菜类锶高于粮食作物类,粮食作物类锶含量高于水果类。采用浇灌不同浓度的含锶水试验,在一定的浓度下,对小白菜中锶含量有一定的增加作用。浇灌同等量的锶浓度水的情况下,幼苗期、成熟期、衰老期,土壤锶高的小白菜中锶含量高于土壤锶低的小白菜中锶含量。本文通过测定承德地区土壤和农作物中锶含量,查明本地区土壤和农作物中锶的分布规律,为特色功能农产品的开发提供科学依据。     

基于CIMISS的土壤水分质控应用研究

气象资料业务系统MDOS(meteorological data operation system)的质控方法使用通用阈值去质控土壤水分数据,会漏检和误检出部分疑误数据,且疑误结果多以“未通过降水关系检查”为主,降低值班人员的数据审核效率。为了提高土壤水分质控效率,结合本地土壤特性,分析海南土壤水分历史数据,总结适合本地的阈值范围参数,提出基于CIMISS(China integrated meteorological information service system)的MQCSM(multiple quality control method of soil moisture)算法。该算法引入时变检查、持续性检查等检查方法,多重质控原始土壤水分数据,能快速、准确地质控出疑误数据,并分类展示疑误结果于web监控页面工值班人员筛查。业务试用结果表明,对比现有质控方法,该算法能准确、有效地筛查出疑误土壤水分疑误数据,且质控监视平台实时展示疑误结果,提高了值班人员对疑误数据的审核效率。