含水量对渠道保温板保温耐久性的影响及保温板厚度设计

北方渠道大多使用保温板防止混凝土衬砌受冻胀破坏。在计算保温板厚度时为了降低成本,容易忽略保温板使用过程中受各种因素的影响导致保温效果变差的情况,使混凝土衬砌达不到设计使用年限便提前被破坏。内蒙古河套灌区试验结果表明,由于受酸雨、冻融作用、含水量等因素的影响,保温板保温效果平均每年降低0.9℃,其中受含水量变化的影响最大。经试验测得:聚苯乙烯保温板(EPS)含水量每增加1%,会导致导热系数增大5%。基于多层材料串联热阻叠加原理和热阻等效原理,对保温板厚度计算公式进行完善,并提出相应的铺设方法和施工技术要求。该设计对保温板在季节性冻土区的推广应用具有一定参考价值。     

陕北无定河流域土壤侵蚀与植被覆盖和降雨关系研究

基于2000—2014年陕北无定河流域日降水、DEM、土壤类型、MODIS NDVI等数据,利用修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)估算了流域土壤侵蚀情况,定量分析了植被覆盖和降雨在土壤侵蚀中的作用,结果表明:(1)无定河流域土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀为主,平均占流域面积的88.35%,各土壤侵蚀等级面积比例随等级的升高而降低。2000—2014年微度侵蚀面积比例为下降趋势,轻度及以上等级面积比例均为上升趋势。(2)不考虑降雨因子影响时,无定河流域仍以微度侵蚀为主,且为增加趋势,而其他土壤侵蚀等级均为下降趋势。不考虑植被覆盖因子时,流域土壤侵蚀与模型计算结果的变化趋势基本一致。(3)植被覆盖对土壤侵蚀面积比例和变化速率的贡献率分别为13.67%和24.55%,而降雨作用达到86.33%和75.44%,表明降雨是流域土壤侵蚀的主要动力和控制因子,降雨变化主导着流域土壤侵蚀变化过程。     

粤北某市"土法炼砷"土壤中化学砷污染的研究

粤北某市“土法炼砷”造成的砷污染,严重破坏了当地生态环境,而且砷还会进入河流或地下水,严重威胁了当地及北江下游的饮用水安全和生态安全。本文对“土法炼砷”遗址现场进行调查取样,并对砷污染的特点进行了分析。     

不同品种磷肥在土壤中的退化研究

对钙镁磷肥（FMP）、过磷酸钙（SSP）和部分酸化磷肥（PAPR）在河南郑州西岗沙土和河南西华县潮土中的退化情况进行了研究。     

滴加法制备铁黄颜料工艺研究

采用滴加法制备铁黄颜料，即采用硫铁矿烧渣直接制得的硫酸亚铁及硫酸亚铁结晶母液为原料。用空气作氧化剂，用氨水作沉淀剂制品种；在二步氧化中滴加氨水和硫酸亚铁结晶母液。探讨了亚铁浓度、空气流量等对晶种形成的影响，以及晶种比、空气流量、溶液pH、硫酸铵浓度等因素对铁黄生成的影响。确定了晶种制备和二步氧化的最佳工艺条件，即二步氧化中溶液pH控制在2．5～3．5，亚铁浓度控制在0．18～0．25mol／L的范围。检测结果表明：铁黄各项指标均达到原化工部HG／T2249--1991一级品标准。     

粒径对膨胀土无荷膨胀率的影响研究

为了研究粒径大小对重塑土无荷膨胀率试验结果的影响,在符合现有规范的试验条件下,将某地基泥岩碾碎成1~2 mm、0.1~1 mm、0.1 mm的三种不同粒径,进行不同比例组合搭配的重塑土无荷膨胀率试验。试验结果表明:不同粒径大小的膨胀土样的无荷膨胀率试验结果有很大差异,并且不同粒径组合下的无荷膨胀率试验结果呈正态分布趋势,且峰值处的无荷膨胀率值为该重塑土稳定、可靠的无荷膨胀率值,无荷膨胀率试验结果接近峰值处无荷膨胀率值的粒径级配为该重塑土的最佳级配。经过分析得到使重塑土无荷膨胀率结果稳定、可靠的粒径级配是1~2 mm、0.1~1 mm、0.1 mm的土粒质量比为0∶100∶0,即使重塑土无荷膨胀率试验结果稳定可靠的粒径范围为0.1~1 mm。在该粒径范围内的重塑土无荷膨胀率试验结果最为真实、准确。     

Reactive rock phosphate fertilizers and soil testing for phosphorus: The effect of particle size of the rock phosphate

North Carolina rock phosphate (NCRP) (highly carbonate—substituted apatite) was ground to produce three samples with different particle size distributions. The effectiveness of these fertilizers was compared with the effectiveness of superphosphate in a field experiment and three glasshouse experiments using lateritic soils from south-western Australia. Non-reactive Queensland rock phosphate (low carbonate-substituted apatite from the Duchess deposit) was also used in the pot experiments. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus extracted from the soil is widely used in Western Australia to predict plant yields from previously-applied fertilizer dressings. For both field and pot experiments bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus (soil test value) was measured and related to subsequent plant yields.As calculated from the initial slope of the relationship between yield and the level of P applied, finely powdered NCRP was about 5–32% as effective as freshly-applied superphosphate in the year of application and also for two years after application in the field experiment, and for two successive crops in the three pot experiments. For both field and pot experiments, finely powdered NCRP, was at best, 1.5–2.0 times as effective as granular NCRP. Relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the effectiveness of rock phosphates usually decreased with increasing level of application.For each of the crops in the field experiment, the relationships between yield and phosphorus content of plants (i.e. internal efficiency curves) were similar for all fertilizers. Thus the low effectiveness of the rock phosphates relative to superphosphate was solely due to much less phosphorus being taken up by plants. By contrast, in the pot experiments internal efficiency curves differed for different fertilizers. This is attributed to differences in the rate of phosphorus uptake by plant roots during the early stages of plant growth.For both field and pot experiments, soil test calibrations (the relationship between yield and soil test value) differed for rock phosphates and superphosphate. For superphosphate, soil test calibrations also differed for the three different years after the initial application of this fertilizer in the field experiment. For the second crop in the pot experiment, soil test calibrations differed for superphosphate applied at different times (before the first and the second crop). These results point out the difficulty of applying soil testing procedures to soils that have experienced different histories of fertilizer application.     

净化黄磷尾气合成甲酸甲酯研究

用净化黄磷尾气为原料与甲醇液相合成甲酸甲酯 ,并对影响一氧化碳及甲醇转化率、甲酸甲酯时空收率等的因素进行了研究。研究结果表明 ,随着主催化剂浓度或反应压力的增大 ,一氧化碳转化率及甲醇转化率均提高 ;助剂的加入可以大大提高甲酸甲酯时空收率和延长催化剂的寿命。优化的反应条件为 :主催化剂 (甲醇钠 )浓度 0 .4mol L ;助催化剂吡啶浓度 1.74mol L ;温度 80℃ ;时间 160min ;压力 4MPa。在此条件下 ,黄磷尾气中一氧化碳及甲醇转化率可分别达到 95 .5 %和 43%。     

黄磷的物理法脱砷新方法探索研究

针对我省黄磷精制现状,研究一种黄磷除砷新方法。利用高压静电场对工业黄磷进行处理,结果显示:在电场的作用下能分离除去砷,经三级处理脱砷率可达90%以上,黄磷回收率在99.9%以上。简要介绍了此处理方法的原理及工艺。     

新疆某黄土的土水特征及其分形描述

本研究采用新疆某引水渠道边坡的黄土填料进行土水特征曲线试验,研究压实度和应力水平对土料的土水特征的影响规律。针对试验结果,本研究首先采用经典的van Genuchten模型进行曲线拟合。然后采用分形理论进行土水特征曲线的比较分析。结果表明:(1)随着压实度的增加,土水特征曲线向下移动;随着轴向应力的增加,土水特征曲线也会有所下移;(2)相应于孔隙分布,该土料的土水特征曲线具有明显的分形特性;(3)在相同压实度下,不同应力水平的SWCC分形拟合基本平行。采用本文所述的分形方法,在已知不同应力水平下的孔隙率时,可较为合理的从一个应力水平下的土水特征曲线推求其它应力水平下的土水特征曲线。