熊去氧胆酸关键中间体的合成工艺研究

优化熊去氧胆酸中间体的合成工艺,提高反应收率,摸索反应条件及重结晶等,总收率达到43.0%。目标化合物结构经熔点、1HNMR谱、13CNMR谱和MS得到确证。改进后的合成工艺切实可行,适合工业化生产。     

氨法吸收含氟废气的热力学研究

以氨-氟化铵缓冲溶液对含氟气体四氟化硅进行吸收,通过对不同温度、浓度及分压条件下对反应的吉布斯函数变进行计算,将热力学的规律应用于四氟化硅的氨法吸收反应中,对吸收过程各物质能量之间的转换进行分析,判断反应进行的方向和限度,对含氟气体吸收具有重要指导意义,并且从热力学的角度分析,采用氨法吸收含氟气体是可行的。     

新型1,2,4-噁二唑类液晶化合物的合成

为了满足液晶母体在不同情况下的参数需求,合成了3种含有噁二唑结构的新型负性未知化合物用于液晶母体的调配。以芳烃的碘代物为原料,通过三步反应合成了该类新型化合物。通过核磁共振(NMR)、元素分析(EA)和红外光谱(FT-IR)等分析方法确认了分子结构;利用偏光显微镜(POM)、示差扫描量热仪(DSC)等测试手段,对该类化合物的液晶参数进行了测定。实验表明,该类新型的1,2,4-噁二唑类化合物具有较小的光学各向异性值(Δn=0.107~0.118)和负值较大的介电各向异性值(Δε=-1.6~-4.3),并且个别单体具有较宽的相列相温度范围。该类新型的1,2,4-噁二唑类化合物可以用于液晶母体的调配并改善部分性能,且制备方法原料易得,合成路线简单,收率较高,易于实现工业化生产。     

Evaluation of temperature degradation in hydraulic flow networks

The degradation of the temperature difference between supply and return flow reduces the efficiency of chilled water systems as well as central heating systems. In both applications, the problem is caused by excessive water flow rates under part load conditions and equipment oversizing. Remedies to address this ΔT degradation by reducing bypass flow have been recommended and documented over the last 25 years, especially in the field of chilled water systems. This paper addresses ΔT degradation caused by a set of common faults: hydraulic network imbalance, control valve oversizing, incorrect inherent valve characteristic, and inadequate control loop gain parameters. To allow for the quantitative evaluation of the numerous possible causes that contribute to ΔT degradation, a dynamic simulation environment was developed and employed in the presented analysis that couples pressure-flow relationships in the hydraulic network with the dynamic thermal loads of the building under investigation. Relative to the reference case of a properly designed and tuned hydraulic subsystem, a ΔT degradation of over 6 K in a sample central heating system is predicted, well aligned with commissioning reports of large chilled water and district heating plants. In district heating systems, this significant ΔT degradation of 6 K would lead to an increase of the primary energy consumption between 4 and 12%.     

Short communication: indigestible markers reduce the mammary Delta9-desaturase index and alter the milk fatty acid composition in cows

Accurate determination of the flow of nutrients at the omasum requires the use of a triple marker system. Typically, a system based on ruminal administration of the lithium salt of CoEDTA, ytterbium acetate (Yb-Ac), and chromium-mordanted straw (Cr-S) has been used. However, there is evidence to suggest that product:substrate ratios for stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (Δ⁹-desaturase) are lower in milk fat from cows administered a combination of CoEDTA, Yb-Ac, and Cr-S, indicating reduced Δ⁹-desaturase activity. To evaluate this hypothesis, samples of milk were collected 1 d before, and on d 2, 6, and 9 of administering the CoEDTA, Yb-Ac, and Cr-S triple marker system into the rumen of 4 cows. A 4 × 4 Latin square with 28-d experimental periods was used to assess the effects of 0, 75, 150, and 300 g/d of fish oil in the diet on ruminal and mammary lipid metabolism. Irrespective of the amount of fish oil in the diet, concentrations of all milk fatty acids containing a cis-9 double bond were reduced after markers were given. Milk fatty acid pairs dependent on Δ⁹-desaturase were decreased over time, with responses reaching a nadir within 6 d of marker administration. Overall, administering markers into the rumen was associated with a mean decrease in milk cis-9 10:1/ 10:0, cis-9 12:1/12:0, cis-9 14:1/14:0, cis-9 16:1/16:0, cis-9 17:1/17:0, cis-9 18:1/18:0, and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid/trans-11 18:1 concentration ratios of 44.6, 52.7, 58.7, 36.8, 37.2, 44.3, and 43.0%, respectively. In conclusion, one or more of the markers administered altered milk fatty acid composition and may act as an inhibitor of Δ⁹-desaturase in the bovine mammary gland.     

Antibacterial activity and mechanism of bifidocin A against Listeria monocytogenes

Bifidocin A, produced by Bifidobacterium animalis BB04, is a novel bacteriocin with antimicrobial activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative foodborne bacteria. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of bifidocin A against Listeria monocytogenes, one of the most susceptible bacteria to this bacteriocin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bifidocin A for L. monocytogenes 35152 was 0.029 mg/mL. Time-kill assays showed that bifidocin A effectively inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes in a time-and concentration-dependent manner. The mechanism of action of bifidocin A was studied by analyzing its effects at a MIC on the cell morphology, intracellular organization, membrane permeability, membrane integrity, and membrane proton motive force (PMF) of L. monocytogenes. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that bifidocin A induced alterations in the morphology and intracellular organization of L. monocytogenes cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed that L. monocytogenes cells treated with bifidocin A took up propidium iodide. Bifidocin A treatment also induced the leakage of K⁺ and inorganic phosphate, the hydrolysis and release of ATP, and a collapse of the transmembrane electrical potential and pH gradient in L. monocytogenes cells. These results suggested that bifidocin A exerted its anti-Listeria monocytogenes effect through the dissipation of the cytoplasmic membrane PMF, increased membrane permeability, cell membrane pore formation, destruction of membrane integrity, and ultimately complete disintegration of the cells.     

剪切变形对基桩P-Δ效应的影响

给出了小剪切变形下的基桩P-Δ效应和大剪切变形下支座P-Δ效应计算的杆单元刚度矩阵方程。假定杆单元弯曲变形位移函数为三次幂函数,剪切变形函数为线性函数,根据有限元法一般原理,推导了一种同时计入竖向力径向剪切分力剪切变形和水平力剪切变形的P-Δ效应杆单元刚度方程,推导了一种仅计入竖向力径向剪切分力剪切变形而忽略水平力剪切变形的P-Δ效应杆单元刚度方程,推导了一种仅计入水平力剪切变形而忽略竖向力径向剪切分力剪切变形的P-Δ效应杆单元刚度方程。计入水平力剪切变形而忽略竖向力径向剪切分力剪切变形的P-Δ效应杆单元可良好的模拟支座在大剪切变形下的偏心工作特性,能实时计入其偏心弯矩影响,为实时计入支座偏心特性的结构动静力分析提供了理论支撑。最后通过自编MATLAB程序进行算例分析,结果表明,计入支座大剪切变下的P-Δ效应后,基桩内力位移和地基土压力均显著增大。基桩自身剪切变形对桩身内力位移和地基土压力影响较小,可以忽略。