超高层建筑施工中氨气抑制的数值模拟

针对超高层建筑施工中典型空气污染物氨气,运用CFD方法构建武汉中心三维立体模型,模拟标准k ε条件下自然通风和机械通风2种抑制措施对氨气浓度整体影响效果并确定其影响进深。结果表明:稳态下机械通风对降低模型整体氨气浓度效果有限,单个送风口沿送风方向影响进深约为6.1 m,垂直于风速方向约为1.2 m,且送风口影响进深随风速变化极小;自然通风对降低模型整体氨气浓度效果明显,进风口对氨气浓度影响进深约为17.5 m,随高度增加逐渐递增的进风速度在通风前15 s对氨气浓度影响明显,稳态时风速增加自然通风影响进深增加有限;施工中可主要采用自然通风抑制氨污染,幕墙封闭后可利用机械通风并辅以导风板等设施提高机械通风影响效果。     

基于CFD方法的海底集矿机模型外形优化

为了减少深海集矿机在工作中所受到的水阻力、提高能量利用率, 利用流体力学软件, 通过求解RANS方程, 选择realizable k-ε湍流模型, 对集矿机模型在海底不同速度下行走进行了流场数值模拟, 得出了模型水阻力随速度变化的一般规律。根据计算结果对集矿机外形进行了优化设计, 得到了几种减小水阻力的优化模型, 数值计算结果表明, 优化模型的外形设计能有效减小集矿机水阻力, 可为今后集矿机外形设计提供参考。     

某8缸中速柴油机冷却系统三相流固耦合传热分析

对某柴油机8缸整体冷却水套进行绝热流动模拟,得到冷却效果最差的一个缸及冷却液的流动边界条件;对该缸进行单缸气缸盖-冷却水套-气缸套流固耦合计算,得到了缸盖和缸套温度分布及水套流动及温度场情况;对该缸加入进、排气进行气-液-固三相流固耦合分析,得到缸盖温度场和水套温度场情况,与不考虑进、排气的情况以及与试验测得的工程数据的比较表明:考虑进、排气时的模拟结果更加接近试验值,说明该方法更符合实际情况。     

Testing of self‐similarity and helical symmetry in vortex generator flow simulations

Vortex generators (VGs) are used increasingly by the wind turbine industry as flow control devices to improve rotor blade performance. According to experimental observations, the vortices generated by VGs have previously been observed to be self‐similar for both the axial (u_z) and azimuthal (u_θ) velocity components. Furthermore, the measured vortices have been observed to obey the criteria for helical symmetry. These are powerful results, as it reduces the highly complex 3‐D flow to merely four parameters and therefore significantly facilitates the modeling of this type of flow, which in a larger perspective can assist in parametric studies to increase the total power output of wind turbines. In this study, corresponding computer simulations using Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations have been carried out and compared with the experimental observations. The main objective is to investigate how well the simulations can reproduce these aspects of the physics of the flow, i.e., investigate if the same analytical model can be applied and therefore significantly facilitate the modeling of this type of flow, which in a larger perspective can assist in parametric studies to increase the total power output of wind turbines. This is especially interesting since these types of flows are notoriously difficult for the turbulence models to predict correctly. Using this model, parametric studies can be significantly reduced, and moreover, reliable simulations can substantially reduce the costs of the parametric studies themselves. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling dynamic stall on wind turbine blades under rotationally augmented flow fields

This paper presents an investigation of two well‐known aerodynamic phenomena, rotational augmentation and dynamic stall, together in the inboard parts of wind turbine blades. This analysis is carried out using the following: (1) the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment Phase VI experimental data, including constant as well as continuously pitching blade conditions during axial operation; (2) data from unsteady delayed detached eddy simulations (DDES) carried out using the Technical University of Denmark's in‐house flow solver Ellipsys3D; and (3) data from a reduced order dynamic stall model that uses rotationally augmented steady‐state polars obtained from steady Phase VI experimental sequences, instead of the traditional two‐dimensional, non‐rotating data. The aim of this work is twofold. First, the blade loads estimated by the DDES simulations are compared with three select cases of the N‐sequence experimental data, which serves as a validation of the DDES method. Results show reasonable agreement between the two data in two out of three cases studied. Second, the dynamic time series of the lift and the moment polars obtained from the experiments are compared with those from the dynamic stall model. This allowed the differences between the stall phenomenon on the inboard parts of harmonically pitching blades on a rotating wind turbine and the classic dynamic stall representation in two‐dimensional flow to be investigated. Results indicated a good qualitative agreement between the model and the experimental data in many cases, which suggests that the current two‐dimensional dynamic stall model as used in blade element momentum‐based aeroelastic codes may provide a reasonably accurate representation of three‐dimensional rotor aerodynamics when used in combination with a robust rotational augmentation model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of the near‐wake between actuator‐line simulations and a simplified vortex model of a horizontal‐axis wind turbine

The flow around an isolated horizontal‐axis wind turbine is estimated by means of a new vortex code based on the Biot–Savart law with constant circulation along the blades. The results have been compared with numerical simulations where the wind turbine blades are replaced with actuator lines. Two different wind turbines have been simulated: one with constant circulation along the blades, to replicate the vortex method approximations, and the other with a realistic circulation distribution, to compare the outcomes of the vortex model with real operative wind‐turbine conditions (Tjæreborg wind turbine). The vortex model matched the numerical simulation of the turbine with constant blade circulation in terms of the near‐wake structure and local forces along the blade. The results from the Tjæreborg turbine case showed some discrepancies between the two approaches, but overall, the agreement is qualitatively good, validating the analytical method for more general conditions. The present results show that a simple vortex code is able to provide an estimation of the flow around the wind turbine similar to the actuator‐line approach but with a negligible computational effort. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Blade‐resolved simulations of a model wind turbine: effect of temporal convergence

Simulations of a model wind turbine at various tip‐speed‐ratios were carried out using Tenasi, a node‐centered, finite volume unstructured flow solver. The simulations included the tunnel walls, tower, nacelle, hub and the blades. The effect of temporal convergence on the predicted thrust and power coefficients is evaluated and guidelines for best practices are established. The results presented here are for tip‐speed‐ratios of 3, 6 and 10, with 6 being the design point. All simulations were carried out at a freestream velocity of 10 m s^?1 with an incoming boundary layer present and the wind turbine RPM was varied to achieve the desired tip‐speed‐ratio. The performance of three turbulence models is evaluated. The models include a one‐equation model (Spalart–Allmaras), a two‐equation model (Menter SST) and the DES version of the Menter SST. Turbine performance as well as wake data at various locations is compared to experiment. All the turbulence models performed well in terms of predicting power and thrust coefficients. The DES model was significantly better than the other two turbulence models for predicting the mean and fluctuating components of the velocity in the wake. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fluid–structure interaction computations for geometrically resolved rotor simulations using CFD

This paper presents a newly developed high‐fidelity fluid–structure interaction simulation tool for geometrically resolved rotor simulations of wind turbines. The tool consists of a partitioned coupling between the structural part of the aero‐elastic solver HAWC2 and the finite volume computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver EllipSys3D. The paper shows that the implemented loose coupling scheme, despite a non‐conservative force transfer, maintains a sufficient numerical stability and a second‐order time accuracy. The use of a strong coupling is found to be redundant. In a first test case, the newly developed coupling between HAWC2 and EllipSys3D (HAWC2CFD) is utilized to compute the aero‐elastic response of the NREL 5‐MW reference wind turbine (RWT) under normal operational conditions. A comparison with the low‐fidelity but state‐of‐the‐art aero‐elastic solver HAWC2 reveals a very good agreement between the two approaches. In a second test case, the response of the NREL 5‐MW RWT is computed during a yawed and thus asymmetric inflow. The continuous good agreement confirms the qualities of HAWC2CFD but also illustrates the strengths of a computationally cheaper blade element momentum theory (BEM) based solver, as long as the solver is applied within the boundaries of the employed engineering models. Two further test cases encompass flow situations, which are expected to exceed the limits of the BEM model. However, the simulation of the NREL 5‐MW RWT during an emergency shut down situation still shows good agreements in the predicted structural responses of HAWC2 and HAWC2CFD since the differences in the computed force signals only persist for an insignificantly short time span. The considerable new capabilities of HAWC2CFD are finally demonstrated by simulating vortex‐induced vibrations on the DTU 10‐MW wind turbine blade in standstill. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超临界航空煤油RP-3沉积过程的数值研究

基于欧拉-拉格朗日方法,对冷却管道内超临界航空煤油焦炭颗粒沉积过程进行了数值模拟研究。物理模型为内径1.8mm、长度2 000.0mm的细圆管,数值计算模型中考虑了流体对颗粒的曳力、重力、Saffman力和附加质量力等。假设物理模型入口处已产生航空煤油焦炭颗粒,重点研究了航空煤油压力对焦炭颗粒沉积过程的影响。研究结果表明,压力对颗粒沉积过程的影响与颗粒大小、温度有着密切的关系。对于10、50、70μm的焦炭颗粒,煤油处于低温区时,压力对颗粒沉积过程影响并不显著,较高的压力对焦炭颗粒沉积略有抑制作用;然而随着温度的升高,压力升高对颗粒沉积过程具有明显的抑制作用。对于30μm的焦炭颗粒,高压反而有利于颗粒沉积。此外,对不同流动方式下颗粒沉积率进行了研究,结果发现竖直向上管中颗粒沉积率最低。     

静电效应对有无埋管气固鼓泡床内气泡特性的影响分析

采用基于双流体模型(TFM)耦合静电模型的方法,研究颗粒的静电对有无埋管气固鼓泡床内气固流动特性和气泡特性的影响。首先在无静电场存在的条件下,利用双流体模型对自由鼓泡床和埋管鼓泡床内的流动情况进行模拟并与实验结果进行对比;进一步耦合静电模型,考察静电对自由鼓泡床和埋管鼓泡床内床层的整体性质和气泡特性的影响。研究结果表明,在无静电场条件下采用双流体模型能较好地预测自由鼓泡床和埋管鼓泡床内的气固流动状况以及气泡的平均直径和气泡的上升速度。埋管的存在使鼓泡床内气固流动发生强烈扰动,并使气泡的平均直径和气泡的上升速度均呈振荡分布。静电的存在对自由鼓泡床和埋管鼓泡床内床层的平均固含率影响不大,但对气泡分布规律影响较大,使得自由鼓泡床内气泡数目减少,而埋管鼓泡床下部区域的气泡分布比较集中,上部有大气泡出现。