基于烃类组成的催化裂解反应规律北大核心CSCD

目的研究催化裂解过程中不同烃类的反应规律,提升原料油烃类利用率和目标产物的选择性,挖掘“油产化”的潜力。方法基于原料油和产物的烃类组成,详细分析了从原料油到反应产物不同烃类的表观转化率,并对不同烃类的转化与生成途径进行了分析与探讨。结果在催化裂解反应过程中,链烷烃、环烷烃和芳烃的表观转化率分别为93.06%、97.05%和58.53%,其中,单环、双环、三环、四环和五环及以上芳烃的表观转化率分别为61.49%、11.34%、65.17%、29.27%和96.35%。催化裂解产物与原料油物质的量之比为7.68,产物芳烃与原料油芳烃物质的量之比为2.99。液体产物中可进一步转化为目标产物的烃类质量分数为27.50%,产物中单环芳烃通过原料油中非芳烃芳构化反应生成的比例为96.16%。结论链烷烃和环烷烃催化裂解转化较为彻底,而芳烃表观转化率较低,且不同环数芳烃的表观转化率差异较大,并呈现出奇环数芳烃表观转化率高、偶环数芳烃表观转化率低的特征。裂解反应和芳构化反应是催化裂解过程中最重要的两类反应,不同烃类的表观轻质化顺序为链烷烃>单环芳烃>环烷烃>双环芳烃>三环及以上芳烃,产物中单环芳烃主要来自原料油中非芳烃的芳构化反应,液体产物中可转化为目标产物的烃类仍有进一步压减的空间。     

离子注入高温退火对4H-SiC MESFET特性的影响

采用人造刚玉高温炉管对4H-SiC进行1620℃的离子注入后退火.实验测试发现,在刚玉管壁析出的微量铝的作用下,SiC表面与残余的氧成分反应生成衍生物SiOC,造成材料表面粗糙和反应离子刻蚀速率很低.分别采用该种样片和正常样片制作了单栅MESFET,对比测试的欧姆接触和I-V输出特性,评估了高温退火后材料表面对器件的影响.     

An algebra of multiple faults in RAMs

Cell array faults in random-access memories (RAMs) are usually represented by Mealy automata. In such a model, multiple faults should also be representable by automata; in fact, it should be possible to compute the automaton representing a multiple fault from the automata representing the single faults that make up the multiple fault. In this paper we study properties of binary composition operations on automata that are appropriate for the representation of multiple faults in RAMs. First, we derive a set of generic conditions that every composition operation must satisfy. Second, we develop a set of physical conditions that the composition must satisfy in order to apply to stuck-at, transition and coupling faults in RAMs. Third, we represent the transition table rules used by van de Goor and Smit by a composition operation and prove that this operation satisfies both the generic and physical conditions. Fourth, we point out that in some circumstances, it is appropriate to use a different composition operation (defined by us in a previous paper) to permit a different handling of coupling faults in the presence of stuck-at or transition faults. We compare and relate the properties of the two algebras. This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Grants OGP0000871 and OGP0000243, and by a grant from the Information Technology Research Centre of Ontario. An extended summary of this paper appears in [1].     

Manipulation of chemical species in bio-oil using in situ catalytic fast pyrolysis in both a bench-scale fluidized bed pyrolyzer and micropyrolyzer

In situ catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of biomass was conducted with base or acid catalysts in a bench-scale fluidized bed pyrolyzer. Complete mass balances were performed, allowing for quantitatively investigating the catalytic impacts on the final bio-oil composition. Acidic catalysts exhibited relatively higher activities for decomposition of sugar and pyrolytic lignin, dehydration, decarbonylation, and coke formation, as relative to base catalysts. Carbon balances revealed that a significant amount of carbon in bio-oil was transformed to coke during CFP. Due to the decrease in the bio-oil yield during CFP, significantly less energy was recovered in CFP products than in control fast pyrolysis products. CFP was also performed in micropyrolyzer and the results were compared with those in the bench-scale reactor to determine the consistency across the experimental systems. Different from the bench-scale pyrolyzer, the basic catalyst more strongly influenced the micropyrolyzer products and the discrepancies suggest a more rapid deactivation of the basic catalyst.     

KH 150 BS加氢基础油中絮状物的分子类型分析

为了研究中国石油克拉玛依石化分公司150 BS加氢基础油(KH 150 BS)在低温下产生絮状物的原因,首先在低温下采用溶剂稀释和抽滤的方法分离出絮状物,然后用尿素提取出絮状物中的正构烷烃,并用气相色谱分析了其碳数分布,最后用气相色谱-质谱和红外光谱分析了絮状物和滤出油的组成,并且测定了絮状物和滤出油的相对分子质量。结果表明,KH 150 BS基础油中的絮状物是一些相对分子质量较大(617~819)和凝点较高的烃类化合物。这些烃类化合物主要由较长碳链、较低支化度(0.138 3~0.343 6)的链烷烃和大量的环数较低、带长侧链的环烷烃组成。在静止和冷却的条件下,这些碳氢化合物形成一个胶状的网络,将油包在其中,最后扩散到整个油中形成絮状物。     

油田开发二层规划优化模型研究

二层规划方法与理论是研究大系统和复杂系统的有效方法之一.从油田开发指标关联关系的建立出发,利用二层规划方法及理论对油田企业开发规划问题进行研究,并建立了以效益最好(定产量、定成本)为目标的油田企业优化模型.该优化模型成功地解决了油田企业产量分配问题以及采油厂各分项产量(通常含自然产量、措施产量、新区新井产量、老区新井产量)及对应的各项工作量及其它开发指标的最优构成问题,同时给出了模型的遗传算法步骤,并进行了实例分析.     

14C labelling of lignins of normal and bm3 maizes for fermentation studies

[U-¹⁴C] phenylalanine (phe*) and [O¹⁴CH₃] sinapic acid (sin*) were infused into the cut ends of normal and bm3 maizes (anthesis stage) under or above the last node or at mid-internode, with or without the leaf, in light or in darkness. Radioactivity was measured in the organs, and in phenolic constituents of the cell wall and saponified residues of the bases and tops of the apical inter-node. In both maize genotype labelled under the node the radioactivity was distributed more evenly in the organs with sin* than with phe*. Infusion above the node and at mid-internode greatly increased radioactivity in the bases and tops, respectively. Removal of the leaf only slightly increased the radioactivity, mainly in the bases, and no clear-cut effect of darkness was observed. Phe* labelled the phenolic acids and the three lignin units, but the syringyl units of bm3 maize were only slightly labelled. Sin* specifically labelled the syringyl units, which represented the least condensed fraction of lignins. Both the native and labelled lignins were highly alkali soluble. There were differences in lignin biogenesis between the bases and tops, and between normal and bm3 maizes. The newly formed lignins were slightly different from the native lignins but had similar types of heterogeneity, with variations in the internode and between genotypes similar to those in native lignins. Provided due allowance is made for the distinguishing characteristics of newly formed lignins, the [¹⁴C-lignin] cell walls, which are strongly labelled on complementary structures, seem suitable model substrates for fermentation studies.     

SDN中一种基于拓扑变换的功能组合方法

现有软件定义网络(SDN)中的功能组合方法大多都在单节点内进行,均未考虑单节点交换机的功能承载力.为此,首先提出一种基于拓扑变换的功能组合方法,通过拓扑变换将功能组合分散到多个节点中进行处理.其次,将拓扑变换建模成0-1线性规划问题并提出了综合搜索算法进行求解.最后,基于NetFPGA-10G和Ryu控制器完成了所提功能组合方法的原型系统实现.实验结果表明,与现有方法相比,所提出的功能组合方法在降低流处理时延和存储开销的同时提高了组合效率.     

基于标注依赖图的服务组合方法

针对服务组合问题,提出了一种既考虑服务输入/输出又考虑服务前提条件/执行效果的结构化组合方法.根据服务请求查找服务组合路径,得到服务依赖图,然后通过依赖图中的依赖关系,把依赖图转化为结构化流程模型,除了标注结构化过程中的某些分支类型时,需要一些额外的用户干预外,整个过程是完全自动的.     

蚊香元素成分的LIBS检测分析

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)作为一项很有前景的元素分析技术,具有原位测量、远程监控等优势,而对蚊香样品的LIBS检测应用是一项较新的课题。为将LIBS技术实际应用于环境监测领域,实验中利用时间分辨的激光诱导击穿光谱技术对蚊香样品的激光等离子体光谱进行了测量和分析,确定出蚊香中Al、Mn、Mg、Sr、Zn、Ba、Na、Ca、Fe、Si和H的11种元素成分;基于等离子体局域热动力学平衡模型,计算了等离子体温度。利用自由定标分析方法计算了上述元素的相对含量。实验结果表明激光诱导击穿光谱技术可以用于有害元素的快捷有效检测。