考虑生物质供给价格弹性的工业园区综合能源系统规划

针对以生物质联供机组为核心的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)在实际运行过程中存在的生物质燃料收集困难、供应不稳定等问题,文章提出了一种考虑生物质供给价格弹性的综合能源系统规划方法。首先,基于生物质收购价格弹性理论建立了秸秆收集成本模型,并将其引入工业园区综合能源系统双层规划中。其次,上层模型以设备规划容量及秸秆收购价格为优化变量,以年化综合费用最小为优化目标;下层模型以设备逐时出力及秸秆消耗量为优化变量,以考虑价格弹性的秸秆收集成本在内的年运行成本最小为优化目标,并采用粒子群算法和CPLEX工具箱进行联合求解。最后,以吉林省某典型工业园区为算例验证了所提规划方法更贴合工程实际情况,具有更加优越的经济性。     

美国3年来钽铌进口情况述评

依据英国金属网公布的2003年、2004年、2005年第1季度美国钽铌原料和制品进口统计数据．评述了美国钽铌市场的状况,着重关注了中国向美国出口钽铌的情况。     

Two‐echelon manufacturer–retailer supply chain strategies with price,quality, and promotional effort sensitive demand

This study deals with the two‐layer supply chain model of one manufacturer and one retailer for a single commodity where market demand is assumed to be dependent on selling price, quality of the products, and promotional effort of the retailer. We investigate the behavior of the supply chain under centralized, manufacturer Stackelberg, conditional manufacturer Stackelberg, retailer Stackelberg, conditional retailer Stackelberg, and vertical Nash model structure. The nature of the above models provides great insights to a firm's manager for achieving optimal strategy in a competitive marketing system. Quite often, not all items produced in a firm are of perfect quality; some are perfect (conforming) quality and others are imperfect (nonconforming) quality. The nonconforming products are sold in a secondary shop or by other retailers. The procurement cost of finished products depends on the quality of the products due to more investment in advanced technology, better raw materials, and skilled labor, etc. The warranty policy for the products is also imposed to attract the customers to buy more. Here, both members (manufacturer and retailer) jointly share the cost of the warranty policy. The objective of this paper is to determine the optimal selling price and promotional effort of the retailer, while the optimal wholesale price and quality of the products are determined by the manufacturer so that the above strategies are maximized. Finally, numerical examples with sensitivity analysis of the key parameters are illustrated to investigate the proposed model.     

Exception handling analysis and transformation using fault injection: Study of resilience against unanticipated exceptions

ContextIn software, there are the error cases that are anticipated at specification and design time, those encountered at development and testing time, and those that were never anticipated before happening in production. Is it possible to learn from the anticipated errors during design to analyze and improve the resilience against the unanticipated ones in production?ObjectiveIn this paper, we aim at analyzing and improving how software handles unanticipated exceptions. The first objective is to set up contracts about exception handling and a way to assess them automatically. The second one is to improve the resilience capabilities of software by transforming the source code.MethodWe devise an algorithm, called short-circuit testing, which injects exceptions during test suite execution so as to simulate unanticipated errors. It is a kind of fault-injection techniques dedicated to exception-handling. This algorithm collects data that is used for verifying two formal contracts that capture two resilience properties w.r.t. exceptions: the source-independence and pure-resilience contracts. Then we propose a code modification technique, called “catch-stretching” which allows error-recovery code (of the form of catch blocks) to be more resilient.ResultsOur evaluation is performed on 9 open-source software applications and consists in analyzing 241 catch blocks executed during test suite execution. Our results show that 101/214 of them (47%) expose resilience properties as defined by our exception contracts and that 84/214 of them (39%) can be transformed to be more resilient.ConclusionOur work shows that it is possible to reason on software resilience by injecting exceptions during test suite execution. The collected information allows us to apply one source code transformation that improves the resilience against unanticipated exceptions. This works best if the test suite exercises the exceptional programming language constructs in many different scenarios.     

再制造率随机的闭环供应链产品差别定价策略

考虑闭环供应链的差别定价问题, 制造商回收废旧产品, 并生产新产品和再制造产品, 再制造率随机. 采用Stackelberg 博弈方法, 研究集中决策和分散决策下相应产品的最优定价, 给出供应链各成员的最优利润. 结果表明:若制造商对产品延迟定价, 则集中决策下回收价格高于分散决策, 而销售价格均低于分散决策; 当零售商的保守利润不低于一定值时, 集中决策下总利润不低于分散决策, 制造商可以采用改进的两部定价契约协调供应链.

     

一种多维度的O2O电子商务声誉计算模型

移动通信技术与可信支付技术的成熟,使得近年来O2O商务飞速发展。声誉管理是交易双方建立信任关系的坚实基础,但目前针对O2O商务特点的声誉研究却几近于无,已有的P2P、B2C、C2C商务的声誉研究又无法反映O2O商务模式的特点,不适用于O2O商家的声誉计算。针对这些问题,提出了一种新的O2O商家声誉计算模型ESRep。模型根据O2O本地服务业的特点进行多维度思考,对商家的运营时间、客流量等因素进行分析,同时也考虑客户的评价、交易价格偏离度、交易双方空间距离等因素,充分体现了O2O商务线上和线下的特点。仿真结果表明,模型能够有效反映O2O商家的真实声誉,降低恶意节点的评价作用,遏制节点的声誉共谋行为。对比实验表明该模型具有良好的性能和精度。     

电力局域网信道优化调度建模仿真与研究

在电力局域网限速状态下,合理调度电力资源是解决网络拥堵的关键.电力网络信道资源调度过程中,为了保证调度的精度,调度过程被人为添加了过多的约束条件,用于描述局域网络限速过程.传统的信道调度方法在网络限速状态下资源调度的过程中,其多约束条件下的调度过程本身就是个矛盾的过程,由于约束造成了负载不均衡,资源调度效率不高.提出基于最大最小价格的分布式信道调度方法.分析了电力局域网限速状态下的信道调度原理,获取信道调度的约束条件.将信道调度问题分解成无需任何约束条件的非线性规划问题和有约束条件的线性规划问题,获取这两者信道传输方程,在信道的传输过程中采用最大价格的最大最小公平传输速率分配方法控制信道的调度,获取最优信道调度方案.实验结果表明,改进算法具有良好的调度性能.     

南水北调中线工程水价形成机制初探

回顾了南水北调中线工程水价形成过程,指出了现行水价方案存在的问题。对真实水价形成机制进行了论述,认为制定水价应遵循公平负担、成本回收、合理利润、价格调整和水资源配置原则;同一水质、同类用户、不同水源的用水,应执行统一的水价;不同行业实行不同水价。鼓励受水区各省市间开展水量配额交易,最大限度发挥工程效益。供水水价既要反映水资源的稀缺程度和水环境治理成本,促进资源的节约使用和环境保护,提高全民节水意识,又要保证供水管理单位能够正常持续经营,具备自我积累、自我发展的能力。     

基于分时电价模式的分布式风-光联合发电系统功率消纳模型研究

分时电价的方法能反映用电负荷的市场化行为,指引用户的用电时段,同时也可促进分布式可再生能源的消纳利用。基于用电负荷三段式分类方法,本文提出了分时电价机制下分布式风-光联合发电系统接入配网系统的功率消纳模型。该模型采用配网系统对内分时电价的方式来提高分布式风-光联合系统的并网消纳功率,并结合模拟退火算法对模型进行优化求解。最后通过仿真算例验证了本方法促进分布式风-光联合发电系统功率消纳、配网系统和用户取得双赢效果的可行性。     

引黄涵闸观测设施埋设预算定额编制论述

现行的水利工程概算编制工作中,观测设施埋设费用大部分采用指标估算的方法计价,准确性不高,导致报价与工程实际出现严重偏差,给建设部门造成不应有的损失.文章以黄河引黄涵闸测压管埋设预算定额为例,阐述观测设施预算定额的编制方法,并提供测算的单价水平,给建设单位、施工单位、设计单位提供参考.