Size particle effects on the thermal stability of poly(lactic acid) / hydroxyapatite hybrids for biodegradable package

The effects of two nano– and micro– size classes of hydroxyapatite particles ((Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂), HAp) on the controlled stability behavior of poly(lactic acid) are investigated by chemiluminescence, thermal analysis, water uptake and contact angle measurements. The accelerated degradation was achieved by γ-irradiation, when the two constitutive phases interact at the boundary limit partially blocking oxidation. In this paper we studied and characterized the influence of specific particle areas on various material properties, namely thermal and radiation strengths, water diffusion, and wettability. The better behavior of nanostructured patters is explained by the larger adsorption action and the unlike scavenging interaction between free radicals and filler particles. We also analyzed the interaction between the basic material and filler when the loading concentration is changed. The higher stabilization efficiency of PLA/nHAp systems offered by our present results recommends the selection of nanocomposite hybrids as the suitable composition for the manufacture of long life products including medical wear.     

超声波在废水处理中的应用

介绍了超声波在废水处理中的应用,它能使废水中的污染物得有效降解,而展示其应用前景。     

Influence of ceramic phosphate powders on the physicochemical and biological properties of poly(l-lactide)

In the present work, the attention is focused on cannulated, biodegradable olives made of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and PLLA with the addition of phosphate ceramics. The olive is an element expanding the intramedullary nail intended to be implantation the humerus bone. During degradation, the olive reduces the diameter of the nail, while ensuring the best conditions for the growth of bone tissue. The article examines the effect of the addition of tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) on morphology, chemical structure, physicochemical and biological properties of PLLA during storage in a degradation medium imitating the natural environment of the human body. The introduction of β-TCP+HAp into PLLA led to significant changes in both surface morphology, chemical structure and physicochemical properties, which contributed to the faster course of the biodegradation of the orthopedic implant. Due to this process, it was found that the PLLA composite with phosphate ceramics can be successfully used in this application. Clinical studies have shown that the implantation of olive made of PLLA+β-TCP+HAp does not cause any negative systemic reactions. The orthopedic implant was biodegradable and significantly contributes to bone union.     

Secondary effects of antioxidant on PS/PVME blends

Interactions between the antioxidant Santonox (4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol)) and the LCST polymer blend of polystyrene (PS) and polyvinylmethylether (PVME) were examined. The presence of the antioxidant caused inhomogeneities in blend films cast from toluene solutions at antioxidant compositions greater than 0.25 wt% of the PVME. Also, the cloud-point of the blend decreased linearly with antioxidant content with a slope of 21 °C/wt%. As expected, the ability of the antioxidant to prevent degradation of the PVME within the blend was found to increase with increasing Santonox composition. Based on these results, an antioxidant composition of no more than 0.10 wt% is recommended in the studies of PS/PVME blends.     

Application of Ozone and Advanced Oxidation Processes to the Treatment of Lye-Wastewaters from the Table Olives Industry

An important fraction of wastewaters generated in the black table olives industry results from the treatment of the olives with sodium hydroxide for debittering and darkening of the fruit. These lye-wastewaters are characterized by a high presence of organic compounds, mainly phenols and polyphenols. The decomposition of that organic content was studied by means of several chemical treatments: ozonation alone and combined with hydrogen peroxide or UV radiation, as well as UV radiation alone and combined with hydrogen peroxide. The degradation levels and the effect of the additional presence of H₂O₂ and UV radiation on the organic matter removal were established for these processes. An approximate kinetic study was conducted, which led to the evaluation of the rate constants for the organic matter reduction. In a second phase, non-pretreated lye-wastewaters and preozonated wastewaters were degraded biologically by means of aerobic microorganisms. The evolution of the organic matter and the biomass were followed. It was demonstrated that the pretreatment with ozone significantly enhances the efficiency of the aerobic process, increasing both the substrate removal level and the degradation rate. This enhancement is probably due to the elimination of most of the toxic phenolic compounds and the increase of the biodegradability in the ozonation pretreatment.     

Sulfate attack of concrete building foundations induced by sewage waters

A case history of a severe degradation of concrete foundation plinths and piers of an about-35-year-old building located in Northern Italy is described. Significant amounts of gypsum, near ettringite and/or thaumasite were detected by X-ray diffraction analyses performed on ground concrete samples. Large gypsum crystals were mainly located at the interface between the cement paste and aggregates, as observed by scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive spectroscopy microanalysis. The degradation effects increased with decreasing the distance of concrete structures from an absorbing well located in the courtyard of the building. The well was recognized as the sulfate source due to the microorganism metabolism of sulfur compounds present in the sewage. Consequences of this attack were a very poor bond strength between cement paste and aggregates and a severe cracking of the concrete cover of the steel reinforcement.     

氨氮废水降解技术进展

介绍了氨氮废水的主要来源，论述了氨氮废水降解的各种技术及其工艺过程，重点论述了生物处理技术及工艺、物理化学处理技术及工艺以及它们在工业中的应用和特点，并探讨了氨氮废水降解机制，综述了目前国内外研究进展状况。     

Degradation-controlling mechanisms in natural organic acid solutions of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–B2O3 glass-ceramics by partially substituting Ca2+ with Ba2+ and Sr2+

The degradation of environmentally friendly CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–B₂O₃ (CASB) glass-ceramics, which consist of anorthite and glass phase, was investigated in three natural organic acid solutions. The results indicated that citric acid had the most significant effect on the degradation of CASB glass-ceramics. While the chemical stability of anorthite is relatively poor, the glass phase also contributed significantly to the effective degradation of CASB glass-ceramics. Subsequently, Ba²⁺ or Sr²⁺ was used for full or partial substitution of Ca²⁺ in CASB glass-ceramics, and the degradation-controlling mechanism of the substituted CASB glass-ceramics was further researched. The full substitution of Ca²⁺ in CASB glass-ceramics by the two cations resulted in the occurrence of borate [BO₄] units in the glass phases, and the interlinkage of [BO₄] with broken silicate [SiO₄] network structures caused a complementary network effect. Consequently, the degradation of CASB glass-ceramics by organic acids was reduced due to the improvements in the chemical stability of the modified glass-ceramics. Additionally, degradation control can also be achieved based on a mixed-alkali effect, originating from the partial substitution of Ca²⁺ in CASB glass-ceramics by Ba²⁺ or Sr²⁺. The degradable glass-ceramics have the potential to be applied in low-temperature co-fired ceramic technology because of their good physical properties, which include a dielectric constant of 3–5, a dielectric loss as low as 10⁻³, a coefficient of thermal expansion of 3–9 × 10⁻⁶/°C, and an average bending strength of about 47 MPa. Noticeably, the development of the degradable glass-ceramics is helpful to the low-cost and pollution-free recycling of valuable metal electrodes, which is significant for the sustainable development of electronic packaging technologies.     

重组毕赤酵母高密度发酵表达水蛭素过程中产物的生成和降解

目的　研究重组毕赤酵母高密度发酵表达水蛭素过程中产物的生成和降解。方法　通过质谱和氨基酸序列分析确定水蛭素的 4种活性异构体 ,再用HPLC监测发酵过程中水蛭素的降解情况。结果　发酵过程中产生了 4种具有较高比活的水蛭素异构体 ,它们分别是目的产物水蛭素Hir6 5及Hir6 5的C 末端降解 1～ 3个氨基酸的产物。发酵时细胞干重达到 16 2g/L ,水蛭素的总活性一直在增加 ,最高为 2 .4 5× 10 4ATU/ml,相当于总产量1.8g/L。但Hir6 5在 4种水蛭素异构体总量中的比例一直在下降。Hir6 5的产量先升高再降低 ,最高为 2 80mg/L。结论　毕赤酵母发酵过程中水蛭素存在降解 ,Hir6 5降解产生了Hir6 2和Hir6 3。     

Catalytic degradation of waste polyolefinic polymers using spent FCC catalyst with various experimental variables

Liquid-phase catalytic degradation of waste polyolefinic polymers (HDPE, LDPE, PP) over spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst was carried out at atmospheric pressure with a stirred semi-batch operation. The effect of experimental variables, such as catalyst amount, reaction temperature, plastic types and weight ratio of mixed plastic on the yield and accumulative amount distribution of liquid product for catalytic degradation was investigated. The initial rate of catalytic degradation of waste HDPE was linearly increased with catalyst amount (4-12 wt%), while that was exponentially increased with reaction temperature (350-430 ‡C). Spent FCC catalyst in the liquid-phase catalytic degradation of polymer was not deactivated fast. The product distribution from catalytic degradation using spent FCC catalyst strongly depended on the plastic type. The catalytic degradation of mixed plastic (HDPE: LDPE: PP: PS=3: 2: 3: 1) showed lower degradation temperature by about 20 ‡C than that of pure HDPE.