Nitrogenous disinfection byproducts formation and nitrogen origin exploration during chloramination of nitrogenous organic compounds

Formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) of cyanogen chloride (CNCl), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and chloropicrin was evaluated during chloramination of several selected groups of nitrogenous organic (organic-N) compounds, including α-amino acids, amines, dipeptides, purines, and pyrimidines, The intermediates generated, reaction pathways, and nitrogen origin in N-DBPs were explored as well. CNCl was observed in chloramination of all tested organic-N compounds, with glycine giving the highest yields. DCAN was formed during chloramination of glutamic acid, cytosine, cysteine, and tryptophan. Chloramination of most organic-N compounds except for cysteine and glutamic acid generated chloropicrin. Aldehydes and nitriles were identified as the intermediates by negative mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry during reactions of NH₂Cl and organic-N compounds. Labeled ¹⁵N-monochloramine (¹⁵NH₂Cl) techniques showed that nitrogen in N-DBPs may originate from both NH₂Cl and organic-N compounds and the nitrogen partition percentages vary as functions of reactants and pH.     

Application of MBR for hospital wastewater treatment in China

In China, the number of hospitals has increased to 19,712 in 2008, with the production of hospital wastewater reaching 1.29 × 10⁶ m³/d. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology presents a more efficient system at removing pathological microorganism compared with existing wastewater treatment systems. In the past 8 yr, over 50 MBR plants have been successfully built for hospital wastewater treatments, with the capacity ranging from 20 to 2000 m³/d. MBR can effectively save disinfectant consumption (chlorine addition can decrease to 1.0 mg/L), shorten the reaction time (approximately 1.5 min, 2.5-5% of conventional wastewater treatment process), and attain a good effect of inactivation of microorganism. Higher disinfection efficacy is achieved in MBR effluents at lower dose of disinfectant with less disinfection by-products (DBPs). Moreover, when capacity of MBR plants increases from 20 to 1000 m³/d, their operating cost decreases sharply.     

Organic polyelectrolytes in water treatment

The use of polymers in the production of drinking water is reviewed, with emphasis on the nature of the impurities to be removed, the mechanisms of coagulation and flocculation, and the types of polymers commonly available. There is a focus on polymers for primary coagulation, their use as coagulant aids, in the recycling of filter backwash waters, and in sludge thickening. Practicalities of polymer use are discussed, with particular attention to polymer toxicity, and the presence of residual polymer in the final drinking water. The questions of polymer degradation and the formation of disinfection by-products are also addressed.     

The influence of oxidation reduction potential and water treatment processes on quartz lamp sleeve fouling in ultraviolet disinfection reactors

Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection systems are incorporated into drinking water production facilities because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial capabilities, and the minimal disinfection by-product formation that generally accompanies their use. Selection of an optimal location for a UV system within a drinking water treatment facility depends on many factors; a potentially important consideration is the effect of system location on operation and maintenance issues, including the potential for fouling of quartz surfaces. To examine the effect of system location on fouling, experiments were conducted at a groundwater treatment facility, wherein aeration, chlorination, and sand filtration were applied sequentially for treatment. In this facility, access to the water stream was available prior to and following each of the treatment steps. Therefore, it was possible to examine the effects of each of these unit operations on fouling dynamics within a UV system. Results indicated zero-order formation kinetics for the fouling reactions at all locations. Increases in oxidation reduction potential, caused by water treatment steps such as aeration and chlorination, increased the rate of sleeve fouling and the rate of irradiance loss within the reactor. Analysis of metals in the sleeve foulant showed that calcium and iron predominate, and relative comparisons of foulant composition to water chemistry highlighted a high affinity for incorporation into the foulant matrix for both iron and manganese, particularly after oxidizing treatment steps. Fouling behavior was observed to be in qualitative agreement with representations of the degree of saturation, relative to the metal:ligand combinations that are believed to comprise a large fraction of the foulants that accumulate on the surfaces of quartz jackets in UV systems used to treat water.     

Formation of chlorination by-products in waters with low SUVA--correlations with SUVA and differential UV spectroscopy

The formation of THMs and HAAs after chlorination of bulk water fractions of low-SUVA (specific UV absorbance) surface waters was investigated, and the applicability of SUVA and differential UV spectroscopy for monitoring THMs and HAAs in such waters was evaluated. Samples from two reservoirs were fractionated employing XAD-8, XAD-4, MIEX resin and granular activated carbon adsorption. A total of 83 bulk water NOM fractions (i.e., the remaining solutions after contact with the adsorbent or resin at various doses) were obtained and chlorinated. The majority of NOM in both waters was found to have average molecular weights <2000 Da and SUVA values <2L/mg Cm, indicating that NOM in the tested waters contained dominantly lower molecular weight fractions and low aromaticity. SUVA did not correlate well with the formation and speciation of THMs and HAAs, suggesting that SUVA does not capture the reactive sites on NOM moieties responsible for DBP formation in low-SUVA waters. Similarly, no correlations were found among THMs/HAAs formations and differential UV spectroscopy, indicating the formation of DBPs independent of destruction in UV-absorbing sites. In all fractions, concentrations of THMs were higher than those of HAAs. Chlorinated DBP species were dominant over brominated ones due to low bromide concentrations. The results overall suggested that low- or non-UV-absorbing NOM moieties play important roles in the formation of DBPs in waters with low SUVA, low DOC and low bromide levels.     

Cryptosporidium Log-inactivation with Ozone Using Effluent CT10, Geometric Mean CT10, Extended Integrated CT10 and Extended CSTR Calculations

The draft Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) contains Cryptosporidium log-inactivation CT tables (ozone-in-water concentration [residual], “C” times contact time, T). Depending on water temperature, Cryptosporidium CT values that are listed are 15 to 25 times greater than CT values for equivalent Giardia log-inactivation credit. The elevated operating dose required for Cryptosporidium log-inactivation credit has the potential to increase disinfection by-product (DBP) formation (e.g., bromate). Calculating CT value accurately will minimize ozone dose, which will decrease operating cost and lower DBP formation, and at the same time maintain disinfection protection through implementation of scientifically based safety factors. Various methods are available for calculating CT value. The method chosen depends largely on the available information concerning ozone residual characteristics and hydrodynamic features of the ozone contactor, plus local regulatory requirements. Four methods are discussed in this paper. Each method can be used to calculate Giardia, virus, and Cryptosporidium log-inactivation credit.     

江西省农村饮水安全工程中地下水两种净水工艺的比选

对农村安全饮水来说,选择好的水源和净水工艺是获得安全饮用水的第一步.江西省地下水水质总体较好,成为了农村饮水安全工程的首选水源.根据水质情况,一般只需进行消毒处理,部分需进行除铁锰.本文对几种常见的消毒、除铁锰工艺进行了分析,并结合江西省农村实际情况,分别推荐了较适用于江西省农村地下水处理的消毒和除铁锰工艺.     

Iron Oxide Enhanced Chlorine Decay and Disinfection By-Product Formation

This study investigates the interaction of natural organic matter with iron oxide (goethite) on chlorine decay, disinfection by-product (DBP) formation, and DBP compound speciation [total trihalomethanes (TTHM4) and haloacetic acids (HAA5)]. Batch experiments were conducted with goethite, multiple finished drinking waters, variable chlorine dose, and fixed pH 8. The overall objective was to assess natural organic matter (NOM) adsorption onto goethite and its effect on chlorine decay and DBP formation. Chlorine consumption always increased in the presence of goethite and is attributed to an increase in the reactivity and/or modification of adsorbed NOM. Adsorbed NOM also led to an overall increase in TTHM4, however, HAA5 formation was suppressed during the first 2?h. Chloroform was identified as the increasing species and dichloracetic acid was identified as the suppressed species. This study clearly shows that goethite, which is the predominant iron oxide of pipe deposits, alters both chlorine decay and DBP formation and should be considered when assessing water treatment plant operations and DBP monitoring site selection.     

Disinfection of Legionella pneumophila by ultrasonic treatment with TiO2

An ultrasonic treatment system, using a TiO₂ photocatalyst, was used to disinfect Legionella pneumophila. A kinetic study of the process indicates that TiO₂ significantly improves the disinfection process. The concentrations of viable cells were reduced to 6% of the initial concentrations in the presence of 0.2 g/ml TiO₂ after a 30 min of treatment period, while only an 18% reduction was observed in the absence of TiO₂. The potency of the disinfection could be enhanced, to some extent, by increasing the amount of TiO₂ used. Cell concentrations were decreased by an order of 3 within 30 min of treatment in the presence of 1.0 g/ml TiO₂. The disinfection power in the presence of TiO₂ versus Al₂O₃ was also compared and the findings showed that TiO₂ induced a higher cell killing. No significant effect of initial cell concentration on the disinfection was found in the range of 10²-10⁷ CFU/ml after a 30 min of treatment period. The mechanism of cell killing was investigated by examining the effects of OH radical scavengers such as ascorbic acid, histidine and glutathione. The disinfection power was reduced in samples that contained these radical scavengers, thus indicating the importance of OH radicals.     

纳米TiO2的光催化作用及其应用研究进展

纳米TiO2 是一种宽禁带半导体光催化剂 ,可用于污水处理、空气净化、灭菌消毒、医疗、化学合成、贵金属提取冶金、能源材料等多个领域 ,未来的研究发展重点应是实用化纳米TiO2 光催化剂的开发及高效光反应器的研制。